共用题干 第二篇Don't Count on Dung（粪便）Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the

共用题干
第三篇

Longer Lives for Wild Elephants

Most people think of zoos as safe places for animals,where struggles such as having difficulty finding
food and avoiding predators（猛兽）don't exist. Without such problems,animals in zoos should live to a ripe
（成熟的）old age.
But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth.Scientists have known that elephants in
zoos often suffer from poor health.Sometimes,they even become unable to have babies.
To learn more about how captivity（圈养）affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared
the life spans of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native lands.
Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care,documenting factors such as birth dates,illnes-
ses,weight and death.These records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40 years of data on 800
African and Asian elephants in zoos across Europe.The scientists compared the life spans of the zoo-born fe-
male elephants with the life spans of thousands of wild female elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that
work in logging camps（伐木场）, over approximately the same time period.
The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9 years. Their wild
counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 years一more than three times as long. Female
Asian elephants followed a similar pattern. In zoos,they lived 18.9 years,while those in the logging camps
lived 41.7 years.
Scientists don't know yet why wild elephants seem to get on so much better than their zoo-raised coun-
terparts.Georgia Mason,a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study,thinks stress
and obesity（肥胖症）may be to blame. Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the
wild,and most are very fat. Social lives of elephants are also much different in zoos than in the wild,where
they live in large herds and family groups.
The study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoos.While some threatened
and endangered species living in zoos reproduce（生殖）successfully and maintain healthy populations,that
doesn't appear to be the case with elephants.

One of the possible reasons for the zoo-raised elephants'problems is that______________.
A:they do not get proper food
B:they do too much exercise
C:they live in large herds
D:they do not live in family groups

共用题干
第二篇

Don ' t Count on Dung

" Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such
as elephants."say African and American researchers.The error occurs because of a flaw in the way that they
estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in
some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees."We really need to know ele-
phant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically
tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers of-
ten estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.They also need to know the rate at
which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates,researchers counting elephants
in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the
climate and environment. " Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Came-
roon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the
rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,
they would probably find more elephants than are actually around."This could mean estimates in Cameroon
are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,"says Plumptre."However
accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an ele-
phant's natural range."The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers be-
cause elephants move in and out of these regions,"he says."If the elephant population increases within the
protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in
because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evi--
dence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

According to Plumptre,the region over which a dung-pile census is carried out should be_________.
A:small enough
B:well protected
C:carefully monitored
D:large enough

共用题干
第二篇

Don ' t Count on Dung

" Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such
as elephants."say African and American researchers.The error occurs because of a flaw in the way that they
estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in
some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees."We really need to know ele-
phant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically
tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers of-
ten estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.They also need to know the rate at
which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates,researchers counting elephants
in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the
climate and environment. " Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Came-
roon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the
rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,
they would probably find more elephants than are actually around."This could mean estimates in Cameroon
are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,"says Plumptre."However
accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an ele-
phant's natural range."The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers be-
cause elephants move in and out of these regions,"he says."If the elephant population increases within the
protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in
because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evi--
dence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung piles?
A:Because elephants are difficult to catch.
B:Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.
C:Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.
D:Because elephants are shy animals.

共用题干
第二篇

Call American Their Names

A great difference between American social customs and those of other countries is the way in which names are used.Americans have little concern for"rank",especially socially. Most Americans do not want to be treated in any especially respectful way because of their age or social rank;it makes them feel uncomfortable.Many Americans even find the terms"Mr.","Mrs."or"Miss" too formal.People of all ages may prefer to be called by their first names."Don't call me Mrs. Smith.Just call me Sally."Using only first names usually indicates friendliness and acceptance. However,if you do not feel comfortable using only first names,it is quite acceptable to be more formal.Just smile and say that after a while you will use first names but you are accustomed to being more when you first meet someone.
Very often,introductions are made using both first and last names:"Mary Smith,this is John Jones."In this situation you are free to decide whether to call the lady"Mary"or"Miss Smith". Sometimes both of you will begin a conversation using last names,and after a while one or both of you may begin using first names instead.You have a choice:if you don't want to use first names so quickly, no one will think it impolite if you continue according to your own custom.

if an American lady says"Don't call me Mrs. Smith,just call me Sally."that shows______.
A:she is not a married woman
B:she prefers to be called"Sally"
C:she is not Mrs.Smith
D:she likes to be more formal

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the
threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers.The error
occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung
（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as
there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation
Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees.“We really
need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says
Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa.
So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.
They also need to know the rate at which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to
determine these rates,however,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely
on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region
depending on the climate and environment.Using the wrong values can lead the census
astray（离开正道）,says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the
forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more
slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay
rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants
than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from
decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre."However accurate your dung density
estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result.''
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar
in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,
protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he
says."If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you can not determine
whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are
being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that
rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung piles?
A:Because elephants are difficult to catch.
B:Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.
C:Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.
D:Because elephants are shy animals.

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the
threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers.The error
occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung
（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as
there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation
Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees.“We really
need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says
Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa.
So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.
They also need to know the rate at which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to
determine these rates,however,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely
on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region
depending on the climate and environment.Using the wrong values can lead the census
astray（离开正道）,says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the
forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more
slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay
rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants
than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from
decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre."However accurate your dung density
estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result.''
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar
in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,
protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he
says."If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you can not determine
whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are
being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that
rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

According to Plumptre,the region over which a dung-pile census is carried out should be
A:small enough.
B:well protected.
C:carefully monitored.
D:large enough.

共用题干
第三篇

Animal Testing Controversy

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

The author believes that,in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should________.
A:communicate more with the public
B:employ hi-tech means in research
C:feel no shame for their cause
D:strive to develop new cures

Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung piles?

A Because elephants are difficult to catch.
B Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.
C Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.
D Because elephants are shy animals.

共用题干
第三篇

Animal Testing Controversy

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________.
A:cruel but natural
B:inhuman and unacceptable
C:inevitable but vicious
D:pointless and wasteful

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung（粪便）

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees,"We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates. However,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. "Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre"However accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he says"If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

According to Plumptre,the region over which a dung-pile census is carried out should be______.
A:small enough
B:well protected
C:carefully monitored
D:large enough

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung（粪便）

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees,"We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates. However,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. "Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre"However accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he says"If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The word"threatened"in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced by______.
A:endangered
B:frightened
C:killed
D:angered

共用题干
第二篇

Don ' t Count on Dung

" Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such
as elephants."say African and American researchers.The error occurs because of a flaw in the way that they
estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in
some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees."We really need to know ele-
phant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically
tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers of-
ten estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.They also need to know the rate at
which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates,researchers counting elephants
in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the
climate and environment. " Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Came-
roon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the
rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,
they would probably find more elephants than are actually around."This could mean estimates in Cameroon
are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,"says Plumptre."However
accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an ele-
phant's natural range."The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers be-
cause elephants move in and out of these regions,"he says."If the elephant population increases within the
protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in
because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evi--
dence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

Piles of dung can't be relied upon when it comes to estimating elephant numbers because_______.
A:they are different in size
B:they scatter all over the region
C:they are different in decay rate
D:they are different in quality

共用题干
第二篇

Don ' t Count on Dung

" Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such
as elephants."say African and American researchers.The error occurs because of a flaw in the way that they
estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in
some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees."We really need to know ele-
phant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically
tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers of-
ten estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.They also need to know the rate at
which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates,researchers counting elephants
in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the
climate and environment. " Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Came-
roon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the
rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,
they would probably find more elephants than are actually around."This could mean estimates in Cameroon
are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,"says Plumptre."However
accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an ele-
phant's natural range."The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers be-
cause elephants move in and out of these regions,"he says."If the elephant population increases within the
protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in
because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evi--
dence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The first word"He"in Paragraph 6 refers to________.
A:Andrew Plumptre
B:Katy Payne
C:Anthony Chifu Nchanji
D:the writer of the article

共用题干
第二篇

Don ' t Count on Dung

" Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such
as elephants."say African and American researchers.The error occurs because of a flaw in the way that they
estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in
some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees."We really need to know ele-
phant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically
tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers of-
ten estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.They also need to know the rate at
which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates,researchers counting elephants
in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the
climate and environment. " Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Came-
roon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the
rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,
they would probably find more elephants than are actually around."This could mean estimates in Cameroon
are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,"says Plumptre."However
accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an ele-
phant's natural range."The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers be-
cause elephants move in and out of these regions,"he says."If the elephant population increases within the
protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in
because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evi--
dence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The word"threatened"in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced by_________.
A:"endangered"
B:"frightened"
C:"killed"
D:"angered"

共用题干
第三篇

Animal Testing Controversy

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to________.
A:call on scientists to take some actions
B:criticize the misguided cause of animal rights
C:warn of the doom of biomedical research
D:show the triumph of the animal rights movement

共用题干
第三篇

Animal Testing Controversy

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is________.
A:a well-known humanist
B:a medical practitioner
C:an enthusiast in animal rights
D:a supporter of animal research

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the
threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers.The error
occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung
（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as
there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation
Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees.“We really
need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says
Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa.
So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.
They also need to know the rate at which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to
determine these rates,however,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely
on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region
depending on the climate and environment.Using the wrong values can lead the census
astray（离开正道）,says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the
forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more
slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay
rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants
than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from
decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre."However accurate your dung density
estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result.''
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar
in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,
protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he
says."If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you can not determine
whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are
being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that
rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The word "threatened" in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced by
A:"endangered".
B:"frightened".
C:"killed".
D:"angered".

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the
threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers.The error
occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung
（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as
there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation
Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees.“We really
need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says
Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa.
So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.
They also need to know the rate at which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to
determine these rates,however,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely
on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region
depending on the climate and environment.Using the wrong values can lead the census
astray（离开正道）,says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the
forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more
slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay
rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants
than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from
decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre."However accurate your dung density
estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result.''
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar
in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,
protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he
says."If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you can not determine
whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are
being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that
rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The first word"He"in paragraph 6 refers to
A:Andrew Plumptre.
B:Katy Payne.
C:Anthony Chifu Nchanji.
D:the writer of the article.

Don’t count on dung
　　Conservationists (自然保护主义者) may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error　occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung (粪) the creatures leave behind.
　　The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions, according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in New York.
　　Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect," says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants.
　　Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays: Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
　　But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray (离开正道), says Plumptre.
　　He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent
　　more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.
　　This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally, says Plumptre. "However accurate your dung density estimate might be, the decay rate can severely affect the result."
　　Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says. "If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached (入侵偷猎) outside."
　　Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows (地洞).
文章(31~35)

The word "threatened" in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced by

A "endangered".
B "frightened".
C "killed".
D "angered".

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the
threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers.The error
occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung
（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as
there really are in some regions,according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation
Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees.“We really
need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says
Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa.
So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area.
They also need to know the rate at which dung decays.Because it's extremely difficult to
determine these rates,however,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely
on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region
depending on the climate and environment.Using the wrong values can lead the census
astray（离开正道）,says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the
forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more
slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay
rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants
than are actually around.
This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from
decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre."However accurate your dung density
estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result.''
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar
in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,
protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he
says."If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you can not determine
whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are
being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that
rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

Piles of dung can't be relied upon when it comes to estimating elephant numbers because
A:they are different in size.
B:they scatter all over the region.
C:they are different in decay rate.
D:they are different in quality.

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung（粪便）

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees,"We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates. However,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. "Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre"However accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he says"If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung piles?
A:Because elephants are difficult to catch.
B:Because it is not possible to count elephants from a plane.
C:Because it is not possible to keep track of elephants.
D:Because elephants are shy anitnals.

共用题干
第二篇

Don't Count on Dung（粪便）

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants,say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung（粪）the creatures leave behind.
The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)in New York.
Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca,New York,agrees,"We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect,"says Payne,who electronically tracks elephants.
Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates. However,researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.
But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. "Using the wrong values can lead the census astray（离开正道）,"says Plumptre.
He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon.They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon.If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon,they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally,says Plumptre"However accurate your dung density estimate might be,the decay rate can severely affect the result."
Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range.The usual technique of monitoring only small,protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions,he says"If the elephant population increases within the protected area,you cannot determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached（入侵偷猎）outside."
Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests,tracks or burrows（地洞）.

The first word"He"in paragraph 6 refers to______.
A:Andrew Plumptre
B:Katy Payne
C:Anthony Chifu Nchanji
D:the writer of the article