共用题干 Europa's Watery UnderworldEuropa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where scientists find liqui
题目
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.
The existence of liquid water is a necessity for a life-support environment.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
相似考题
更多“共用题干 Europa's Watery UnderworldEuropa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where scientists find liqui”相关问题
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第1题：
Passer-by: ____?
Local resident: Yes, there's one near the end of the street behind the church.
A、Hello,sir.Where's the bus station
B、Excuse me,sir.How can I find the way to the police station
C、Excuse me.Is there a parking lot anywhere around here
D、Which building is the Department of Immigration, please
参考答案：C
-
第2题：
共用题干
第一篇
In the dark night of the desert,a group of U.S.Air Force scientists is testing a new device for a missile to target.Designed to seek out the heat of an enemy aircraft engine,it is now going through its paces by tracing the movement of a flashlight waving thirty feet away in the darkness.A hundred yards away,unseen by the man,a rattlesnake sliding between the stones senses a patch of warmth. Although the snake's mechanism is small enough to be packed into a head the size of a nut,it can detect a change in temperature of one-thousandth of a degree.With a sound the snake closes in and strikes for the kill.
Whenever we look in the animal world we find the same story.Almost anything that man can do,nature has already done better. So,it is for the purpose of learning from nature that a new science called bionics has grown up.Its aim is to find out how animal's instruments work so that man can copy them for his own purpose.
Imagine being able to know a friend several miles off by his smell. Male silk moths can do this. Their antennae are so sensitive to the chemical odor of female moths that they can detect their presence by picking up only one molecule of the chemical.Even with their most sensitive instruments, human cannot approach this perfection.
Studying beetle's eyes has already paid off. A group of scientists in Germany found that a beetle can accurately measure with its eyes the speed of moving background.After finding out how a beetle accomplishes this scientists built a machine that operated on the same principle.This instrument is able to determine the ground speed of moving aircraft with a high degree of accuracy.Which of the following can be used to replace the word"accomplishes"?
A:Succeeds in.
B:Completes.
C:Does.
D:Finishes.答案：A解析：本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：作者把响尾蛇和导弹作比较的目的是什么。选项A“表现导弹的致命性”；选项B“说明什么是仿生学”；选项C“说明人类比自然春智”；选项D“说明响尾蛇很危险”。综观全文可知，答案为B。
本题是阅读综合能力考查题。题目是：研究雄蚕峨引致对什么研究的新方法。选项A“发现地下水流”；选项B“制作光滑布料”；选项C“检测有毒气体”；选项D“交流”。根据第三段内容可知，答案为C。
本题是细节考查题。accomplish“达到目的，取得结果”。因此只能选A。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。选项A“研究甲壳虫眼睛能有助于科学家测量物体速度”；选项B“雄蚕蛾在几英里外能通过嗅觉感觉到雌蚕蛾的存在”；选项C“文章讨论的动物的器官的功能与人类皮肤相似”；选项D“仿生学在军事上的应用能发展这一学科”。综观全文可知，答案为C。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：仿生学的目的是什么。选项A“解释动物器官怎么发挥作用”；选项B“用人造机器模仿动物行为”；选项C“证明这一科学有用性”；选项D“将科学运用到动物研究方面”。根据第二段内容可知，答案为B。 -
第3题：
共用题干
第三篇
“Life Form Found" on Saturn ' s Titan
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life on the Saturn'5 moon.The discovery of a sort of
life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini,
which pointed to the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.
Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing"in Titan's
dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.
They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane
lakes and rivers.This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"consuming the hydrogen at the surface
of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.
"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar
to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be
a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from
water-based life on Earth."
To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based
microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan,where
temperatures are around minus 17 Kelvin(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methane-based organism would
have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes,but not water itself. Water is frozen
solid on Titan'5 surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.
Scientists had expected the Sun'5 interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of
acetylene on Titan'5 surface.But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.
The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explana-
tion,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator of the NASA Titan team.
"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-
biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said."We have a lot of work to do to rule out possible non-bio-
logical explanations.It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."It can be inferred from Mark Allen's address that_____________.
A:scientists are trying to confirm these is life on Titan
B:scientists agree that a chemical process is a convincing explanation
C:scientists share the opinion that a biological explanation is reasonable
D:scientists are arguing over whether there is life on Titan答案：B解析：由文章第一段第二句话中“The discovery of...which pointed to the existence of methane- based form of life on Saturn' s biggest moon.”可知，科学家们的证据显示，土星的这个最大的卫 星上有甲烷基的生命形态存在，故选B。
由文章第二、三段的内容可知，科学家们发现有线索显示“土卫六”上原始的外星生物 在由氢气环绕的稠密大气层中“呼吸”，也就是说这个卫星上有氢气的消耗现象。故选D。
由文章前五段的内容可知，科学家在文章开头提出“土卫六”上可能有甲烷基的生命形 态，即methane-based life，接下来的内容给出了科学家们对此说法的一系列证据来进行论证，故 选C。
由文章的最后两段中Mark Allen的话，尤其是文章最后一句“It is more likely that a chemical process ,without biology , can explain these results.”可知，科学家们认为应该用化学过程 来解释为什么“土卫六”表面没有乙炔，故选B。
由文章内容可知，科学家们提出了土星的这个最大的行星上可能有一种不依赖于水的 生命形态，并从各方面进行了证明，故选A。第5部分：补全短文 -
第4题：
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.The liquid water of an underground pool of Europa is estimated as much as the volume of the U.S.Great Lakes.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：A解析：由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知，科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论：这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部，这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量， 故选A。
由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知，欧罗巴（Europa）上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的，故选B。
由文章第一段的内容可知，欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个，但并未提及其被 发现的早晚，故选C。
由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知， 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些，故选B。
由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知，科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球，故选B。
由文章第六段的内容可知，Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架，认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案，故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知，科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命；最后一段也提到，欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合，给生命的出现提供了环境，因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiter's moons.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：C解析：由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知，科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论：这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部，这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量， 故选A。
由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知，欧罗巴（Europa）上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的，故选B。
由文章第一段的内容可知，欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个，但并未提及其被 发现的早晚，故选C。
由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知， 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些，故选B。
由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知，科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球，故选B。
由文章第六段的内容可知，Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架，认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案，故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知，科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命；最后一段也提到，欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合，给生命的出现提供了环境，因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。 -
第6题：
共用题干
第三篇
Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events一
flowering,the appearance of leaves and the first frog calls of the spring一all around the world.But ecologists
can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere.Because there are so many places in the world and not
enough scientists to observe all of them,they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change
across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific
research interest一birds,trees,flowers budding,etc.and send their observations to a giant database to be
observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they
would never be able to gather on their own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a
hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live in.All that's needed to become
one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send them in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology
Network."Phenology"is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant
flowering and leafing eveiy year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle data on a variety of
common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project一which is open to every-
one一record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don't have to be plant experts一they just have to look around and see what's in their neighbor-
hood,"says Jennifer Schwartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect these data,we'll be
able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate
changes."In"All that's needed to become one…（Paragraph 2)",what does the word"one"stand for?
A:A citizen journalist.
B:A citizen scientist?
C:A scientist.
D:A citizen.答案：B解析：
短文第一段提到科学家们不可能观察每一个地方的气候变化的现象，所以邀请普通人 为他们观察、收集信息。
短文第二段讲到，平民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方 面，并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。结合选项，可知答案 为B。
短文第二段最后一句话的后半部分“所要做的仅仅是每天或每周抽出几分钟的时间来 收集数据并发送到数据库”可知，"one”是针对citizen scientist来说的。
全文都在讲述普通人参与科学项目的研究，只有A选项不符合题意。其他选项都能在 文中找到。
短文最后一段指出，通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会 有怎样的影响。所以选D。第5部分：补全短文 -
第7题：
共用题干
Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events-flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring-all around the world.But ecologists can't be______(51)so they are turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere.______(52)there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they are asking for your help in_______(53)signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages______(54)people to observe a very specific research interest-birds,trees,flowers budding,etc-and send their observations______(55)a giant database to be observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a______(56)amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.______(57)like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.______(58)that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and_______(59)it in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year______(60) the National
Phenology（生物气候学）Network."Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists______(61)to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle______(62)on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project-which is______(63)to everyone-record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don't______(64)to be plant experts-they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Scheartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data,we'11 be able to make an'estimate of______(65)plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."_________63
A:common
B:suitable
C:open
D:strange答案：C解析：空格后的句子表明，生态学家正向公民科学家寻求帮助，可推测出每个地方不可能都有生态学家。故此处应选择A项。 everywhere每个地方；anywhere任何地方（通常用于疑问句或否定句）;somewhere某些地方；nowhere任何地方都不。
此处表示：因为世界上有很多地方，但科学家的数量却不足，所以他们才寻求帮助。所以选择D项。if如果，倘若；although尽管；when当……的时候；because因为。
气候变化的迹象需要人们进行“观察”。give给，给予；show展示；develop发展，开发； observe观察，观测。
结合上下文可知，公民科学家运动鼓励一般人观察非常具体的研究对象。special特殊的；professional专业的；skillful熟练的；ordinary普通的，一般的。
send…to…是固定搭配，表示“把……送往……”，符合题意。
公民科学家帮助搜集数据，为数不多的气候学家就可以分析大量的数据。空格处应该是在强调数据量的庞大，因此选择D项。small小的，少的limited有限的simple简单的，朴素的large大的，大规模的。
空格所在的句子把公民记者与公民科学家进行比较，表明他们的作用相似。much like 表示“就像……一样”，其中much修饰like，符合题意。very like与……很像，但不能用在句首，因此排除A项like与as都有“像……一样”的意思，若连用则意思重复，因此排除C项； many是形容词，不能修饰介词like，因此排除D项。
第二段最后一句表明，要想成为公民科学家中的一员，需要做的全部事情就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集并发送数据。all全部，所有；any任何；some一些，某些；most大多数，大部分。
根据第二段第三句可知，公民科学家搜集完信息后要将信息发往一个巨大的数据库，供专业科学家进行分析，所以此处选用send(送往，发送）。print打印，冲洗；answer回答；keep 保持，保留。
此处表示被称为国家物候网络的组织，应该用called，表示事物与名称的关系。known 被知道，若要表示“被称为”应用known as ; featured有……的特征；belonged属于，是……的成员；called被称为，被叫作。
这句话的大意是：这个团体最初的努力要依靠科学家和非科学家这类人去搜集花开叶落的信息。alike相似的，一类的（人或物），通常作后置定语；like相似的，一般作前置定语；un-like不同的; likely可能的，有希望的。
本句大意是：花季追踪计划搜集美国各地的植物的生长周期的数据。而且四个选项中唯有data可以与collects（搜集）搭配。point观点，看法；wonder奇迹，惊奇；data数据；interest 兴趣。
本句大意是：参与这一项目的人―这一项目对所有人开放―他们仅仅需要看看周围有什么。common普通的，平常的；suitable合适的；open开放的；strange奇怪的。
don't have to是固定搭配，意思是“无需，不必”，符合题意。want想要；forget忘记；mind 介意。
这句话的大意是：通过搜集数据，我们就能估算出植物和生物群落对气候变化会做出怎样的反应。how表示对方式的提问，用在此处符合题意。wh。谁，用来提问或连接先行词为人的定语从句；before在……之前；since自从，常用来引导时间状语从句，从句常用过去时，主句常用现在完成时。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Verity Allen's New Show on Colors
1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
who name the colors of lipsticks.
4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
some surprising results.
5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.Paragraph 5_______________
A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
B:Scientists' Surprising Results
C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
E:Studies in Verity's Series
F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows答案：F解析：从第2段Verity开始的提问即可看出，接下来将阐述人们使用颜色的习惯和方式。故 答案为A。
第3段第1句交代了Verity在其四期节日中所做的一系列研究，共考察了八种颜色。 故答案为E。
第4段举出节目中的两个例子，来说明不同的被采访者对颜色的了解不同，有些人并没有什么科学的颜色观念，而有些人则是这方面的专家。故答案为D。
最后一段作者指出这个节目是很有趣的，但同时也提到相不相信节目所宣传的结论，那 还得看观众白己了。故答案为F。
根据文中第1段最后一句可知，颜色可以影响我们的情感和健康。故可以推断出答案为D。
第2段介绍了人们使用颜色的习惯，最后一句提到设计新产品的人可以利用这种习惯 来引导人们购买商品。由此可以推断出答案为C。
根据第3段第2句话可知，Verity在节目调查中采访了从事与颜色相关的各种工作的 人：由此可以推断出答案为F。
第4段第1句话中举的例子，说明美国的颜色医生并不真正具有关于颜色的科学知识。 由此可以推断出答案为A。第4部分：阅读理解第一篇 本文主要讲了素食主义与智商之间的关系，并列举了不同学者对这二者关系的态度。 -
第9题：
共用题干
Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events-flowering,the appearance of leaves,the first frog calls of the spring-all around the world.But ecologists can't be______(51)so they are turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere.______(52)there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them,they are asking for your help in_______(53)signs of climate change across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages______(54)people to observe a very specific research interest-birds,trees,flowers budding,etc-and send their observations______(55)a giant database to be observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a______(56)amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own.______(57)like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live.______(58)that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and_______(59)it in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year______(60) the National
Phenology（生物气候学）Network."Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists______(61)to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle______(62)on a variety of common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project-which is______(63)to everyone-record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don't______(64)to be plant experts-they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,"says Jennifer Scheartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect this data,we'11 be able to make an'estimate of______(65)plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."_________60
A:known
B:featured
C:belonged
D:called答案：D解析：空格后的句子表明，生态学家正向公民科学家寻求帮助，可推测出每个地方不可能都有生态学家。故此处应选择A项。 everywhere每个地方；anywhere任何地方（通常用于疑问句或否定句）;somewhere某些地方；nowhere任何地方都不。
此处表示：因为世界上有很多地方，但科学家的数量却不足，所以他们才寻求帮助。所以选择D项。if如果，倘若；although尽管；when当……的时候；because因为。
气候变化的迹象需要人们进行“观察”。give给，给予；show展示；develop发展，开发； observe观察，观测。
结合上下文可知，公民科学家运动鼓励一般人观察非常具体的研究对象。special特殊的；professional专业的；skillful熟练的；ordinary普通的，一般的。
send…to…是固定搭配，表示“把……送往……”，符合题意。
公民科学家帮助搜集数据，为数不多的气候学家就可以分析大量的数据。空格处应该是在强调数据量的庞大，因此选择D项。small小的，少的limited有限的simple简单的，朴素的large大的，大规模的。
空格所在的句子把公民记者与公民科学家进行比较，表明他们的作用相似。much like 表示“就像……一样”，其中much修饰like，符合题意。very like与……很像，但不能用在句首，因此排除A项like与as都有“像……一样”的意思，若连用则意思重复，因此排除C项； many是形容词，不能修饰介词like，因此排除D项。
第二段最后一句表明，要想成为公民科学家中的一员，需要做的全部事情就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集并发送数据。all全部，所有；any任何；some一些，某些；most大多数，大部分。
根据第二段第三句可知，公民科学家搜集完信息后要将信息发往一个巨大的数据库，供专业科学家进行分析，所以此处选用send(送往，发送）。print打印，冲洗；answer回答；keep 保持，保留。
此处表示被称为国家物候网络的组织，应该用called，表示事物与名称的关系。known 被知道，若要表示“被称为”应用known as ; featured有……的特征；belonged属于，是……的成员；called被称为，被叫作。
这句话的大意是：这个团体最初的努力要依靠科学家和非科学家这类人去搜集花开叶落的信息。alike相似的，一类的（人或物），通常作后置定语；like相似的，一般作前置定语；un-like不同的; likely可能的，有希望的。
本句大意是：花季追踪计划搜集美国各地的植物的生长周期的数据。而且四个选项中唯有data可以与collects（搜集）搭配。point观点，看法；wonder奇迹，惊奇；data数据；interest 兴趣。
本句大意是：参与这一项目的人―这一项目对所有人开放―他们仅仅需要看看周围有什么。common普通的，平常的；suitable合适的；open开放的；strange奇怪的。
don't have to是固定搭配，意思是“无需，不必”，符合题意。want想要；forget忘记；mind 介意。
这句话的大意是：通过搜集数据，我们就能估算出植物和生物群落对气候变化会做出怎样的反应。how表示对方式的提问，用在此处符合题意。wh。谁，用来提问或连接先行词为人的定语从句；before在……之前；since自从，常用来引导时间状语从句，从句常用过去时，主句常用现在完成时。 -
第10题：
共用题干
A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004,Opportunity has traveled 25 .01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.
“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,”says John Callas,the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,California.“But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up,but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover,Spirit,landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life,such as the possible presence of water.
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010,a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.
During its mission,Opportunity has captured,and sent back to Earth,some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere,soil,rocks,aid terrain.
The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on,it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Opportunity has beer working on Mars since January 2004.
Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as the, plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.What does John Callas say about Opportunity's long distance travel?
A: It hasn't met scientists' expectation yet
B: It hasn't been appreciated appropriately
C: It is secondary to what has been discovered
D:.It is what scientists have been aiming at答案：B解析：根据第一段“NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance.”可知，“机遇号”比任何漫游车行驶的距离都长。故选B。
从第二、三段可知，“机遇号”并不是为长途行驶而设计的，它本来预定只能行驶大约一千米。因此“机遇号”在被设计时，约翰并没有准确地知道它的价值。故本题选 B。
由第四段“The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life , such as the possible presence of water.”可知，把“机遇号”和 “勇气号”送上火星的目的之一是寻找生命的迹象。故本题选D。
根据文章最后两段可知，如果“机遇号”继续行驶的话，在它行驶到26.2英里的时候，它就会到达另一个重要的研究场地——马拉松谷，因此C项正确。倒数第二段第一句说，“机遇号”不会止步于此，故A项错误。B、D项文中并未提到。
由最后一段可知，“机遇号”接下来的工作能够帮助研究人员实施人类最终登陆火星的计划。故B项“科学家正努力把更多的人类送上火星”是正确答案。 -
第11题：
单选题—I can’t find David. Where is he?—He ______ for tomorrow’s competition at home.Aprepares
Bis preparing
Chas prepared
Dprepared
正确答案： D解析：
考查动词时态。句意：——我找不到大卫，他在哪里？——他正在家准备明天的竞赛。问的是“他在哪”，答语此时表示动作正在进行。故用现在进行时，表示说话时正在进行的动作。故选B。 -
第12题：
单选题The hummingbird's feathers sparkled and glittered in the sunlight,_______.Aits back is shiny green and its throat bright red
Bits back shiny green and its throat is bright red
Cits back is shiny green and its throat is bright red
Dits back shiny green and its throat bright red
正确答案： C解析： -
第13题：
共用题干
第一篇
In the dark night of the desert,a group of U.S.Air Force scientists is testing a new device for a missile to target.Designed to seek out the heat of an enemy aircraft engine,it is now going through its paces by tracing the movement of a flashlight waving thirty feet away in the darkness.A hundred yards away,unseen by the man,a rattlesnake sliding between the stones senses a patch of warmth. Although the snake's mechanism is small enough to be packed into a head the size of a nut,it can detect a change in temperature of one-thousandth of a degree.With a sound the snake closes in and strikes for the kill.
Whenever we look in the animal world we find the same story.Almost anything that man can do,nature has already done better. So,it is for the purpose of learning from nature that a new science called bionics has grown up.Its aim is to find out how animal's instruments work so that man can copy them for his own purpose.
Imagine being able to know a friend several miles off by his smell. Male silk moths can do this. Their antennae are so sensitive to the chemical odor of female moths that they can detect their presence by picking up only one molecule of the chemical.Even with their most sensitive instruments, human cannot approach this perfection.
Studying beetle's eyes has already paid off. A group of scientists in Germany found that a beetle can accurately measure with its eyes the speed of moving background.After finding out how a beetle accomplishes this scientists built a machine that operated on the same principle.This instrument is able to determine the ground speed of moving aircraft with a high degree of accuracy.Which of the following is wrong?
A:Studying the eye of the beetle has helped scientists to measure speed of objects.
B:Male silk moths can know female silk moths several miles off by their smell.
C:Devices of animals discussed here serve a purpose similar to the skin of the human.
D:The military uses of bionics are one for developing this science.答案：C解析：本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：作者把响尾蛇和导弹作比较的目的是什么。选项A“表现导弹的致命性”；选项B“说明什么是仿生学”；选项C“说明人类比自然春智”；选项D“说明响尾蛇很危险”。综观全文可知，答案为B。
本题是阅读综合能力考查题。题目是：研究雄蚕峨引致对什么研究的新方法。选项A“发现地下水流”；选项B“制作光滑布料”；选项C“检测有毒气体”；选项D“交流”。根据第三段内容可知，答案为C。
本题是细节考查题。accomplish“达到目的，取得结果”。因此只能选A。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。选项A“研究甲壳虫眼睛能有助于科学家测量物体速度”；选项B“雄蚕蛾在几英里外能通过嗅觉感觉到雌蚕蛾的存在”；选项C“文章讨论的动物的器官的功能与人类皮肤相似”；选项D“仿生学在军事上的应用能发展这一学科”。综观全文可知，答案为C。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：仿生学的目的是什么。选项A“解释动物器官怎么发挥作用”；选项B“用人造机器模仿动物行为”；选项C“证明这一科学有用性”；选项D“将科学运用到动物研究方面”。根据第二段内容可知，答案为B。 -
第14题：
共用题干
第一篇
In the dark night of the desert,a group of U.S.Air Force scientists is testing a new device for a missile to target.Designed to seek out the heat of an enemy aircraft engine,it is now going through its paces by tracing the movement of a flashlight waving thirty feet away in the darkness.A hundred yards away,unseen by the man,a rattlesnake sliding between the stones senses a patch of warmth. Although the snake's mechanism is small enough to be packed into a head the size of a nut,it can detect a change in temperature of one-thousandth of a degree.With a sound the snake closes in and strikes for the kill.
Whenever we look in the animal world we find the same story.Almost anything that man can do,nature has already done better. So,it is for the purpose of learning from nature that a new science called bionics has grown up.Its aim is to find out how animal's instruments work so that man can copy them for his own purpose.
Imagine being able to know a friend several miles off by his smell. Male silk moths can do this. Their antennae are so sensitive to the chemical odor of female moths that they can detect their presence by picking up only one molecule of the chemical.Even with their most sensitive instruments, human cannot approach this perfection.
Studying beetle's eyes has already paid off. A group of scientists in Germany found that a beetle can accurately measure with its eyes the speed of moving background.After finding out how a beetle accomplishes this scientists built a machine that operated on the same principle.This instrument is able to determine the ground speed of moving aircraft with a high degree of accuracy.The writer compares the rattlesnake with a missile in order to______.
A:show the deadliness of the missile
B:demonstrate what bionics is
C:show that man is wiser than nature
D:demonstrate that a rattlesnake is dangerous答案：B解析：本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：作者把响尾蛇和导弹作比较的目的是什么。选项A“表现导弹的致命性”；选项B“说明什么是仿生学”；选项C“说明人类比自然春智”；选项D“说明响尾蛇很危险”。综观全文可知，答案为B。
本题是阅读综合能力考查题。题目是：研究雄蚕峨引致对什么研究的新方法。选项A“发现地下水流”；选项B“制作光滑布料”；选项C“检测有毒气体”；选项D“交流”。根据第三段内容可知，答案为C。
本题是细节考查题。accomplish“达到目的，取得结果”。因此只能选A。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。选项A“研究甲壳虫眼睛能有助于科学家测量物体速度”；选项B“雄蚕蛾在几英里外能通过嗅觉感觉到雌蚕蛾的存在”；选项C“文章讨论的动物的器官的功能与人类皮肤相似”；选项D“仿生学在军事上的应用能发展这一学科”。综观全文可知，答案为C。
本题是综合阅读能力考查题。题目是：仿生学的目的是什么。选项A“解释动物器官怎么发挥作用”；选项B“用人造机器模仿动物行为”；选项C“证明这一科学有用性”；选项D“将科学运用到动物研究方面”。根据第二段内容可知，答案为B。 -
第15题：
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists reaching Europa.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知，科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论：这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部，这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量， 故选A。
由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知，欧罗巴（Europa）上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的，故选B。
由文章第一段的内容可知，欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个，但并未提及其被 发现的早晚，故选C。
由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知， 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些，故选B。
由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知，科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球，故选B。
由文章第六段的内容可知，Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架，认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案，故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知，科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命；最后一段也提到，欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合，给生命的出现提供了环境，因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。 -
第16题：
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.The size of Europa is a bit larger than that of Earth's moon.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知，科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论：这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部，这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量， 故选A。
由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知，欧罗巴（Europa）上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的，故选B。
由文章第一段的内容可知，欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个，但并未提及其被 发现的早晚，故选C。
由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知， 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些，故选B。
由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知，科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球，故选B。
由文章第六段的内容可知，Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架，认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案，故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知，科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命；最后一段也提到，欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合，给生命的出现提供了环境，因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Europa's Watery Underworld
Europa,one of Jupiter's 63 known moons,looks bright and icy on the surface.But appearances can be
deceiving:Miles within its cracked,frigid shell,Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where
scientists find liquid water,they hope to find life as well.
Since we can't go diving into Europa's depths just yet,scientists instead have to investigate the moon's
surface for clues to what lies beneath.In a new study,scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns
on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water
as the U.S.Great Lakes.
Pictures of Europa,which is slightly smaller than Earth's moon,clearly show a tangled,icy mishmash
of lines and cracks known as"chaos terrains".These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For
more than 10 years,scientists have wondered what causes the formations.The new study suggests that they
arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.
For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface,the news about
the new lake is exciting.
"It would be great if these lakes harbored life,"Britney Schmidt,a planetary scientist who worked on
the study,told Science News."But even if they didn't,they say that Europa is doing something interesting
and active right now."
Schmidt,a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin,and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos
terrains form.Since they couldn't rocket to Europa to see for themselves,they searched for similar forma-
tions here on Earth.They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland.
Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice.The scientists now suspect something
similar might be happening on Europa:that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift,the
surface fractures.This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.
"Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on
Earth,"Schmidt told Science News.She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains
to form quickly on Europa.
The new study suggests that on this moon,elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the
deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of a mixture of liquid water and solid material underground water pool.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned答案：B解析：由文章第二段第二句“In a new study...the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S.Great Lakes.”可知，科学家通过研究一组奇异的冰的图案 得出结论：这种结构是一个地下水库的顶部，这个水库的蓄水量相当于美国五大湖的蓄水量， 故选A。
由文章第三段最后一句话“The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vasi underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.”可知，欧罗巴（Europa）上的 奇异冰图案是由大量的含有冰状物质的地下水经混合而成的，故选B。
由文章第一段的内容可知，欧罗巴是已知的木星63个卫星中的一个，但并未提及其被 发现的早晚，故选C。
由文章第三段的第乙句话中“Europa , which is slightly smaller than Earth ' s moon”可知， 欧罗巴比地球的卫星―月亮稍微小些，故选B。
由第六段的第二句话中“Since they couldn ' t rocket to Europa”可知，科学家目前还不能 去欧罗巴星球，故选B。
由文章第六段的内容可知，Schmidt及其同事在地球上寻找相似的结构进行研究。他 们研究了南极的冰架，认为他们得出的结论也可以解释欧罗巴上的冰形图案，故选B。
由文章第一段最后一句话的内容可知，科学家们认为有水的地方就很有可能存在生 命；最后一段也提到，欧罗巴星球表面的氧元素和地下水的化合，给生命的出现提供了环境，因 此水的存在是生命出现的必要条件。故选A。 -
第18题：
共用题干
第三篇
Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle events一
flowering,the appearance of leaves and the first frog calls of the spring一all around the world.But ecologists
can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists,sometimes called citizen scientists,for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere.Because there are so many places in the world and not
enough scientists to observe all of them,they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change
across the world.The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific
research interest一birds,trees,flowers budding,etc.and send their observations to a giant database to be
observed by professional scientists.This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they
would never be able to gather on their own.Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a
hyper-local beat,citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live in.All that's needed to become
one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send them in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology
Network."Phenology"is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant
flowering and leafing eveiy year.The program,called Project BudBurst,collects life cycle data on a variety of
common plants from across the United States.People participating in the project一which is open to every-
one一record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don't have to be plant experts一they just have to look around and see what's in their neighbor-
hood,"says Jennifer Schwartz,an education consultant with the project."As we collect these data,we'll be
able to make an estimate of how plants and communities of plants and animals will respond as the climate
changes."What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?
A:Only experts can participate in it.
B:Everybody can participate in it.
C:It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.
D:It has its own website.答案：A解析：
短文第一段提到科学家们不可能观察每一个地方的气候变化的现象，所以邀请普通人 为他们观察、收集信息。
短文第二段讲到，平民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方 面，并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。结合选项，可知答案 为B。
短文第二段最后一句话的后半部分“所要做的仅仅是每天或每周抽出几分钟的时间来 收集数据并发送到数据库”可知，"one”是针对citizen scientist来说的。
全文都在讲述普通人参与科学项目的研究，只有A选项不符合题意。其他选项都能在 文中找到。
短文最后一段指出，通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会 有怎样的影响。所以选D。第5部分：补全短文 -
第19题：
共用题干
第三篇
The Sahara
The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for"desert"or"steppe".At 3.5 million square miles,
an area roughly the size of the United States,the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the
world.It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.Daytime temperatures can reach as high
as 130°F.The humidity sometimes gets into the teens.But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent,the lowest in
the world.Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year,while large areas sometimes have
no rainfall at all for years.
At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be
100 feet tall and several miles long.Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is
neither water nor towns.Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there
are pools of clear water. Surprisingly,there are groves of date palms.Underground water resources,or oases,
sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions.Irrigation ditches run
off a creek to water fields.Corn,cassava,tea,peanuts,hot peppers,and orange,lime,and grapefruit trees grow
in these fields.Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.
The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in
loose lines as long as a mile,traveling toward such oasis towns.There a caravan will collect life-sustaining
salt,which is mined from watery basins,and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of
the desert.The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.The Sahara can be described as_______.
A:a place of contrasts
B:a place where no one lives
C:an area where the winters are cold
D:an area that appeals to many tourists答案：A解析：本题问的是：这篇文章主要讲了什么？本文主要介绍了撒哈拉沙漠的地理位置、气候 概况、农业和交通运输状况。B选项范围过宽。C选项不全面，文章不只介绍了比尔马的情 况。D选项文中没有具体介绍。所以A是对的。
本题问的是：在撒哈拉的绝大多数地区，降雨情况如何？根据第一段的最后一句话，撒 哈拉的绝大多数地区每年降雨量低干5英寸。所以A正确。
本题问的是：撒哈拉沙漠可以被描述成什么？A项的意思是，一个具有强烈对比的地 方。B项的意思是青无人烟的地方。C项的意思是冬天很冷的地区：D项的意思是吸引很多 游客的地方。B、C、D项均不符合文意，A项说的对比可以在湿度高低、沙漠与绿洲的对比等方 面找到，因此A正确。
本题间的是：短语“大约和美国大小相当的地区”指的是什么地方的大小7根据第一段 的第二句话可知，本句的主语是撒哈拉沙漠。因此C止确。
本题问的是：文中“caravan”的意思是什么？A项的意思是旅行马戏团：C项是火车。B 项是又小又快的帆船。根据文中的介绍，穿过沙漠的驼队由上百只骆驼组成，来到绿洲城镇收 集盐，因此B选项“一群人一起穿过条件恶劣的国家”是正确的。第5部分：补全短文 -
第20题：
共用题干
Where Did the Earth's Water Come From?
Earth is located within the"snow line"of the solar system,the region closest to the Sun where H2 0 is primarily in liquid or gaseous form,if at all.______(46)The snow line phenomena is reflected in the water content of planets like Mercury,Venus,and Mars. Water is absent on Mercury.On Venus,H2O only exists as a trace element in the atmosphere.Mars only has a thin veneer of ice in its polar regions.In general,water is rare within the snow line.
Why does Earth have so much water relative to the other inner planets?71%of the surface is covered in the oceans,more than half of which is deeper than 3,000 meters,with an approximate total volume of 1.3 billion cu km.______(47)
There are various theories as to where all the Earth's water came from,but several theories have fared better than the others.______(48)When the Earth was in the process of forming,with a radius just 40%smaller than at present,it would have had enough gravity to hold on to a tenuous atmosphere with water vapor. The first water vapor on the planet would have come from the planet's internals,where volatile(low weight)chemicals would have a tendency to float to the top,and heavy chemicals(iron and nickel)would sink.
Though the first of Earth's water came about through volcanism,this alone probably didn't produce enough to form stable pools on the surface.______(49)Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids.
Throughout its history,Earth's water has increased in volume due to biological processes. In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen,sulfur,and water.______(50)________（49）
A: More water was added to the planet during several hypothesized large impacts from asteroids from the outer asteroid belt.
B:We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth.
C:Still,the oceans only make up 0.023%of the Earth's total mass.
D:Astronomers say Earth s water may have come from space.
E:The snow line is located in the outerasteroid belt,between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
F: Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process.答案：A解析：文中第一段第一句提到了snow line，接下来的依据肯定还是要对snow line进行进一步说明，而选项中，只有E选项提到了snow line，所以选择E。
文中第二段主要说明地球上的水占的比重，而只有C选项是对这一主题进行说明，所以选择C。
根据后一句When the Earth was in the process of forming可以得知，该段是在讲述地球的形成历史，B选项We know that the oceans existed as early as 100 million years after the formation of the Earth也是在讲述地球形成的历史，所以选择B。
后一句：Comparing the isotope ratios of water on Earth and water from comets and asteroids has revealed that the majority of the Earth's water comes from asteroids．通过把地球上水的同位素和小行星以及彗星上的水的同位素进行比较，发现地球上的水主要来自小行星。可以推断出，该句要讲述地球上的水与太空中小行星的关系，所以A选项正确。
文中的最后一段主要是讲地球上水的来源。前一句：In the early seas of Earth,hydrogen sulfide would have been in great supply,which,when reacted with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis in sulfide-reducing bacteria,would have produced hydrogen , sulfur , and water．在地球早期的海洋中，硫氢化合物非常丰富，在去硫细菌的光合作用的影响下，它与大气层中的二氧化碳产生化学反应，产生大量的氢、硫，以及水。这是地球自身产生的水，而F选项Many geologists believe that the majority of Earth's water generated through this process(许多地理学家认为地球上水的产生主要通过这一进程实现）正好承接前一句，所以F选项正确。 -
第21题：
共用题干
New Comet Found
There's a newfound comet closing in on the sun,and when it gets here in 2013,you may be able to see it with your naked eye.
Astronomers stumbled upon the icy interloper on June 5 while searching for potentially hazardous asteroids（小行星）.Equipped with the world's largest digital camera , the University of Hawaii's Pan-STARRS team snagged a faint image of the odd object while it was more than 700 million miles away , between the orbits of Jupiter（木星）and Saturn（土星）.
"Almost everything we find is an asteroid,but this object was suspicious,"said Richard Wainscoat,co-discoverer of the comet and an astronomer at the University of Hawaii."Unlike asteroids, which appear point-like in images,the telltale sign that gave it away was its fuzzy appearance."
By March 2013 the comet,named C/2011 L4(PANSTARRS),is expected to come within 30 million miles of the sun一closer even than the innermost（最深处）planet, Mercury（水星）.
When the comet makes its closest approach to the sun,most of its ices will vaporize,adding to its hazy envelope of gas and dust and producing the familiar tail. This denser envelope,or coma, should boost the comet to peak brightness,making it potentially visible to the naked eye low in the western horizon just after sunset.
While there is no danger of collision with Earth,preliminary calculations of the comet's orbit show that this may be its first and final trip through the solar system."It may be coming around the sun for the first and only time,only to be ejected from the solar system,never to return,"Wainscoat said."Since we don't have a lot of data on it,we really don't know the orbit well enough right now, and it will take up to two months of observations to find out."
Astronomers believe C/2011 L4 may be a runaway from the Oort cloud（奥尔特云）,a reservoir of billions of hibernating（蛰伏）comets that orbits about 100,000 times farther than the distance between Earth and the sun.
The fact that it's going around the back of the sun from our point of view may ultimately affect the comet's visibility,but a lot will depend on how close the body actually gets to the sun.Also, whether the comet is north or south of the sun when it reaches peak brightness will determine which hemisphere on Earth gets the better view.Richard Wainscoat is one of the discoverers of the comet.
A: Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentiond答案：A解析：题干意思为：天文学家用肉眼发现了新彗星。从文中第二段第二句可以找到出处：Equipped with the world's largest digital camera…借助世界上最大的数字摄像机……显然题干意思与原文相悖，所以是错误的。
题干意思为：新彗星是由汞构成的。第五段第一句中：When the comet makes its closest approach to the sun , most of its ices will vaporize…当彗星靠近太阳时，大部分冰会融化。可以推测出，彗星的主要构成是冰，而不是汞。所以该项错误。
题干意思为：在不断接近太阳的过程中，彗星的冰会融化。第五段第一句中：When the comet makes its closest approach to the sun , most of its ices will vaporize…当彗星靠近太阳时，大部分冰会融化……可以推断出题干与原文意思一致。
题干意思为：天文学家掌握了太阳系的很多信息。通读全文，提到太阳系的只有第六段：Since we don't have a lot of data on it…由于我们并未掌握太多的信息……由此可知，题干意思与该句表达冲突，所以选择B。
题干意思为：北半球能更好地观测彗星。文中最后一段最后一句：Also, whether the comet is north or south of the sun when it reaches peak brightness will determine which hemisphere on Earth gets the better view．当彗星达到最亮值时，它在太阳的南面还是北面将决定在地球哪个半球能够更好地观测彗星。可以推知，哪一个半球观测效果好取决于彗星的位置，所以题干表述错误。
题干意思为：理查德·文斯考特是彗星的发现者之一。文中第三段第一句后半句：…co-discoverer of the comet and an astronomer at the University of Hawaii.……是彗星的共同发现者之一，也是夏威夷大学的天文学家。可以推知，题干与该句意思一致。
题干意思为：C/2011 L4彗星将在2013年撞上地球。文中第六段第一句指出：While there is no danger of collision with Earth…虽然不存在撞击地球的危险性……可以推知，题干意思与原文意思相悖。 -
第22题：
共用题干
A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004,Opportunity has traveled 25 .01 miles,more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.
“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,”says John Callas,the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.
He works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,California.“But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up,but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”
The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover,Spirit,landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life,such as the possible presence of water.
Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010,a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.
During its mission,Opportunity has captured,and sent back to Earth,some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. It has also provided scientists with data on the planet's atmosphere,soil,rocks,aid terrain.
The rover doesn't seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on,it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. Opportunity has beer working on Mars since January 2004.
Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars's ancient environment. Opportunity's continuing travels will also help researchers as the, plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.One of the objectives of sending Opportunity and Spirit is to＿________.
A: collect soil and send back to Earth
B: develop multinational space exploration
C:.test how well solar-powered rovers work in outer space
D: look for the possible presence of life答案：D解析：根据第一段“NASA's Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance.”可知，“机遇号”比任何漫游车行驶的距离都长。故选B。
从第二、三段可知，“机遇号”并不是为长途行驶而设计的，它本来预定只能行驶大约一千米。因此“机遇号”在被设计时，约翰并没有准确地知道它的价值。故本题选 B。
由第四段“The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life , such as the possible presence of water.”可知，把“机遇号”和 “勇气号”送上火星的目的之一是寻找生命的迹象。故本题选D。
根据文章最后两段可知，如果“机遇号”继续行驶的话，在它行驶到26.2英里的时候，它就会到达另一个重要的研究场地——马拉松谷，因此C项正确。倒数第二段第一句说，“机遇号”不会止步于此，故A项错误。B、D项文中并未提到。
由最后一段可知，“机遇号”接下来的工作能够帮助研究人员实施人类最终登陆火星的计划。故B项“科学家正努力把更多的人类送上火星”是正确答案。 -
第23题：
单选题Bob: What are you reading, Tom? Tom:It’s this week’s New Scientist, why? Bob:I was just wondering—______, but I’ve never actually read it myself. Is it aimed at real scientists or can ordinary people like me understand it?Ait’s for anyone really
Bwhere I can buy it
Cit seems very expensive
Dit looks interesting
正确答案： D解析：
题干中Bob的回答意为“我只是很好奇—它看上去很有趣，但我从来没读过。这本书面向的是科学家还是像我一样的普通人？”只有选项D和后面的意思相符合。