The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.A:effort B:problem C:influence D:concern
题目
The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.
A:effort
B:problem
C:influence
D:concern
B:problem
C:influence
D:concern
相似考题
参考答案和解析
答案：C
解析：
本句意思：高铁对我们的生活有很大影响。have an impact/influence on意为“对······有 影响”。
更多“The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.A:effort B:problem C:influence D:concern”相关问题
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第1题：
Pragmatic factors can not influence our selection of sounds, grammatical constructions, and vocabulary from the resources of the language.()
参考答案：错误
-
第2题：
共用题干
第二篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very
aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and
densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the
opposite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the
animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high,and
these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is
not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important
in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.Dirk Sanders' study centered on how ants_______________.
A:can manage to thrive in huge numbers
B:defend their resources and territory against other predators
C:attack those invading animals for survival
D:produce such a big impact on the environment答案：D解析：由短文的第一段第一句可知答案为C项。
答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的捕食范围很广，甚至包括 比它们体积大的动物。
短文第五段中Dirk Sanders说：" In this research , we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”所以，D是正确选项。句中“the subtleties of it”的意思是：（蚂 蚁对环境）影响的精妙之处。
短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a iow density of ants）的话，能使其他动 物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals)，从而给环境带来积极 影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities)，就会没有影响或者有相反的影响。
最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响 (these organisms are highly responsive to human impact)，第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类 对蚂蚁的这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem）。第三篇 本文的主要内容是气候变化导致的饥荒摧毁了古埃及文明，文章指出，如今类似的事情破坏 力会更大。 -
第3题：
共用题干
第二篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very
aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and
densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the
opposite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the
animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high,and
these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is
not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important
in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What does Paragraph 6 tell us?
A:Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B:Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C:Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D:At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.答案：B解析：由短文的第一段第一句可知答案为C项。
答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的捕食范围很广，甚至包括 比它们体积大的动物。
短文第五段中Dirk Sanders说：" In this research , we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”所以，D是正确选项。句中“the subtleties of it”的意思是：（蚂 蚁对环境）影响的精妙之处。
短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a iow density of ants）的话，能使其他动 物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals)，从而给环境带来积极 影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities)，就会没有影响或者有相反的影响。
最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响 (these organisms are highly responsive to human impact)，第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类 对蚂蚁的这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem）。第三篇 本文的主要内容是气候变化导致的饥荒摧毁了古埃及文明，文章指出，如今类似的事情破坏 力会更大。 -
第4题：
Much exciting research is going on in an effort to find（ ）these questions.Foremost is the work of Jean Piaget,the Swiss psychologist who pioneered the field and whose theories have had an unparalleled impact on education,especially in Europe.A.answers
B.solutions
C.resolutions
D.conclusions答案：A解析：questions与answers搭配，意思是“这些问题的答案”。 -
第5题：
共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?
A: Because they build their own nests.
B: Because they collect food.
C: Because their activity affects the environment.
D: Because they are predators.答案：C解析：题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。 -
第6题：
共用题干
第二篇
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local en-vironment as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be at-tacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,haying a big influence on the grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Eurone.including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What does paragraph 6 tell us?
A:Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B:Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C:Ants' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D:At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.答案：B解析：根据文章第一段的第一句话，我们知道蚂蚁之所以被称为“生态系统工程师”是因为它们的行为对当地的环境产生巨大的影响。因此选择C。
文章第三段讲到蚂蚁作为食肉动物会捕食各种动物，甚至是比较大的猎物。因此选项A是正确的。
文章第五段第一句详细解释了Sanders博士所从事的研究内容，即“对蚂蚁带来的影响大小及微妙程度进行研究”。因此选项D是正确的。
文章第六段主要是说蚂蚁数量少的话，其他动物的品种和数量就会增加，从而会给环境带来积极的影响。如果蚂蚁数量大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或是产生相反的影响。选项B是正确的。
最后一段倒数第二句提到“科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁的这种干扰是如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用的”。因此选项C是正确的。 -
第7题：
共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.Dirk Sanders'study centered on how ants______.
A: can manage to thrive in huge numbers
B: defend their resources and territory against other predators
C: attack those invading animals for survival
D: produce such a big impact on the environment答案：D解析：题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。 -
第8题：
共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A: What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?
B: How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?
C: How do human activities affect ants'influence on a given ecosystem?
D: How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?答案：C解析：题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。 -
第9题：
The high-speed trains can have a major impact on travel preferences.A:force
B:influence
C:surprise
D:power答案：B解析：高铁对人们选择出行方式有很大的影响。influence“影响”，例如：the influence of parents on their children父母对孩子的影响。force“力量”，例如：Is religion a force for good？宗教是诱导人们积德行善的力量吗? surprise“惊讶”，例如：His coming home is a great surprise for the whole family．他回家了，这让全家人都很吃惊。power“权力”，例如：The powers of the police need to be clearly defined．必须对警方的权限作出明确的规定。只有influence意思上和impact最接近。 -
第10题：
Paragraph 5 supports which of the following inferences about the commercial revolution between AD 1000 and 1300？( )A.It had very little impact on social attitudes and values.
B.It brought about major political changes throughout Europe.
C.It lessened the influence of the church.
D.It increased the population of small towns.答案：A解析：推断题。根据题干关键词commercial revolution定位到文章第五段第一、二句。题干要求根据第五段内容选出关于商业革命的合理推断，需要根据上下文做出合理的逻辑分析。第五段阐述了商业革命带来的社会影响。B项“给整个欧洲带来了重大的政治变革”，原文并没有说明商业革命是否导致政治变革，故B项错误。第五段倒数第二句指出贵族阶层和教士决定主导的社会态度、价值观、思想和行为模式。因此C项“减轻了教会的影响”与原文不符。D项“增加了小城镇的人口”与原文Most towns remained small不符。A项“对社会态度和价值观的影响很小”，根据第五段最后两句可知，十一世纪的商业革命改变的是城市文化生活，对社会态度和价值观的影响甚微，A项表述正确。故本题选A。参考译文：从十二世纪六十年代开始，欧洲北部新银矿的开发促使了大量银币的铸造和流通。现金的广泛使用极大地增加了国际贸易量。贸易的业务流程发生了根本性的变化。以前，游商一个人几乎要负责贸易业务的各个方面，后来就演变成了三种不同角色的商人各司其职的运作模式：店商负责“总部”的运转，出资并组织管理公司整体进出口贸易业务；专职的货运人员负责通过陆路和海路运输货物；居住在国外城市的公司代理商，根据总部的建议，负责销售和采购。以前，一个商人就能监管贸易过程的所有事项，并且买卖双方能直接商定价格进行交易，商业信函并没有什么作用。但分工明确后，商业信函开始大量出现。之后，商业城市之间常规的快递服务开始兴起。当企业不得不开始与股东、制造商、客户、分支机构、员工和竞争对手打交道时，商业会计就变得更加复杂。道路通行费变高，高到足以为所谓的道路改革提供资金，道路改革包括建造新的路面和桥梁、穿过阿尔卑斯山的新隧道，以及为旅客提供的新旅馆和招待所。商家间的相互信任促进了赊销(先收货后付款)的增长，从而促进了金融领域的新发展：比如汇票的产生，使耗时长且有风险的长途硬币运输变得不再必需。德国汉萨同盟的商业探索活动很好地体现了这些进步。汉萨同盟是欧洲城镇的商业协会，可追溯到1159年。到十四世纪末，该同盟迅速扩大到包括荷兰和波兰在内的约200个城市。沿着波罗的海和北海的常规、明确的贸易路线，同盟城市的船只运输大量的毛皮、蜡、铜、鱼、谷物、木材和酒。这些货物主要用于交换西部城市的其他成品，主要是布料和盐。在布鲁日和伦敦等城市，汉萨商人获得了特殊的贸易优惠，免除了所有通行费，并允许他们在当地的集市售卖商品。汉萨商人建立了国外贸易中心，其中最著名的是“伦敦钢院”，一个有仓库、办公室、教堂、公司代表住处的封闭社区。到了十三世纪末，汉萨商人开发了一种重要的商业技术，即商业登记。商人们公开记录他们的债务和合同，并且会得到同盟的担保。这种方式在北欧地区的信贷和商业发展中起到了决定性的作用。这些发展进步被一位现代学者称为“商业革命”。从长远来看，中世纪的商业革命(公元1000年～1300年)给欧洲社会带来了根本性的变化。其中一个显著的变化是，商人只占人口的一小部分，不到10%。但是他们带来的影响却远远超过了10%这个数字。商业革命创造了大量的新财富，这意味着人们会有更高的生活水平。财富的存在并没有逃过国王和其他统治者的眼睛。财富需要纳税，通过征税，国王可以创造出强大的中央集权国家。在之后的几年内，与中产阶级的联盟关系使国王能够削弱贵族的利益，并建立了“现代”国家。商业革命还为成千上万的农业工人提供了提高社会地位的机会。欧洲社会从几乎完全孤立的农村向相对更加城镇化的情况开始缓慢但稳定地转变，这是十一世纪的商业革命带来的最大影响。尽管如此，除意大利中部和北部地区以及弗兰德斯郡以外，商人们并没有掌控中世纪的社会。大多数城镇规模依然很小。贵族阶层和教会人士决定了主导的社会态度、价值观、思想及行为模式。然而，十一至十四世纪的商业变革确实为城市生活和文化的发展奠定了经济基础。 -
第11题：
单选题It can be concluded from the passage that the author’s major concern is ______.Athe continuing social progress and prosperity
Bthe development of western philosophy
Ccorporate, civic and personal responsibilities
Dgeneral well-being of the society
正确答案： D解析：
本文首先指出在经济发展、社会财富大增时，人们却感到空虚，缺少归属感和幸福感，接着作者便谈到politics of happiness，社会上每个人都应发挥自己的作用，这样自己最终也会收获幸福。文章最后强调“That is why focusing on general well-being could be the big, defining political concept of the 21st century”。可见作者关注的重点是社会整体幸福感。 -
第12题：
单选题10.The author concludes in the last paragraph that _____.Agovernments have spent lots of time in solving the ageing problem
Bpopulation ageing is a hard problem, but it needs to be solved urgently
Cpeople are too busy to solve the population ageing problem
Dmuch time and effort will be lost in solving the ageing problem
正确答案： A解析： -
第13题：
The math problem is too difficult.__________ (无一人) of us can work it out in our class.
正确答案：
None -
第14题：
共用题干
第二篇
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment
as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of
Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving the soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of
nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers
to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by
vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said,
"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very
aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong
influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we
found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of
other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the
grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and
densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both of which can be found across Europe,including the
UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the
local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the
opposite effect,the predation counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil
nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their
predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of the ecosystem not only because they constitute a great part of the
animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high,and
these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness.However,it is
not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important
in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their
effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A:What roles ants play in the ecosystem in which they live.
B:How ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem.
C:How human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem.
D:How ants alter the physical and chemical environment.答案：C解析：由短文的第一段第一句可知答案为C项。
答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的捕食范围很广，甚至包括 比它们体积大的动物。
短文第五段中Dirk Sanders说：" In this research , we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”所以，D是正确选项。句中“the subtleties of it”的意思是：（蚂 蚁对环境）影响的精妙之处。
短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a iow density of ants）的话，能使其他动 物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals)，从而给环境带来积极 影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities)，就会没有影响或者有相反的影响。
最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响 (these organisms are highly responsive to human impact)，第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类 对蚂蚁的这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem）。第三篇 本文的主要内容是气候变化导致的饥荒摧毁了古埃及文明，文章指出，如今类似的事情破坏 力会更大。 -
第15题：
--Did you look up the time of the high-speed trains to Guangzhou
--Yes, the early train is _____________ to leave at 3 : 00 p.m.A.about
B.likely
C.due
D.possible答案：C解析：考查形容词辨析及固定搭配。句意为“——你查了去广州的高铁的时间了吗 ——是的，早班火车预计是下午3点出发。”about“即将的，正要的”，用于be about to do“刚要做，即将做”，往往不与具体的时间状语连用；likely和possible都表示“可能”的意思，火车的时刻表是事先制订好的，不能说“可能”在什么时候出发，而且possible一般以it作形式主语；due“到期的，预定的”，用于be due to do“按期该做，预定要做”．选C。 -
第16题：
共用题干
第二篇
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local en-vironment as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be at-tacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,haying a big influence on the grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Eurone.including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What still remains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?
A:What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?
B:How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?
C:How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?
D:How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?答案：C解析：根据文章第一段的第一句话，我们知道蚂蚁之所以被称为“生态系统工程师”是因为它们的行为对当地的环境产生巨大的影响。因此选择C。
文章第三段讲到蚂蚁作为食肉动物会捕食各种动物，甚至是比较大的猎物。因此选项A是正确的。
文章第五段第一句详细解释了Sanders博士所从事的研究内容，即“对蚂蚁带来的影响大小及微妙程度进行研究”。因此选项D是正确的。
文章第六段主要是说蚂蚁数量少的话，其他动物的品种和数量就会增加，从而会给环境带来积极的影响。如果蚂蚁数量大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或是产生相反的影响。选项B是正确的。
最后一段倒数第二句提到“科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁的这种干扰是如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用的”。因此选项C是正确的。 -
第17题：
共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.What does paragraph 6 tell us?
A: Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.
B: Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.
C: Ants'predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.
D: At higher density,ants produce a positive influence on an area.答案：B解析：题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。 -
第18题：
共用题干
第二篇
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local en-vironment as a result of their activity as"ecosystem engineers"and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil.This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be at-tacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:"Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area."
"In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,haying a big influence on the grassland food web,"Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Eurone.including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers.At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:"What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering."
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers.Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants_________.
A:can manage to thrive in huge numbers
B:defend their resources and territory against other predators
C:attack those invading animals for survival
D:produce such a big impact on the environment答案：D解析：根据文章第一段的第一句话，我们知道蚂蚁之所以被称为“生态系统工程师”是因为它们的行为对当地的环境产生巨大的影响。因此选择C。
文章第三段讲到蚂蚁作为食肉动物会捕食各种动物，甚至是比较大的猎物。因此选项A是正确的。
文章第五段第一句详细解释了Sanders博士所从事的研究内容，即“对蚂蚁带来的影响大小及微妙程度进行研究”。因此选项D是正确的。
文章第六段主要是说蚂蚁数量少的话，其他动物的品种和数量就会增加，从而会给环境带来积极的影响。如果蚂蚁数量大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或是产生相反的影响。选项B是正确的。
最后一段倒数第二句提到“科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁的这种干扰是如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用的”。因此选项C是正确的。 -
第19题：
共用题干
Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.As predators,ants______.
A:prey on small as well as large animals
B: collect nutritious food from the soil
C: collect food as decomposers
D: prey on species much higher up the food chain答案：A解析：题干意为“为什么蚂蚁被比喻为生态系统的工程师？”虽然题干中出现了细节信息词/短语ants , ecosystem engineers，但它们都是短文主题词（出现在短文标题中的名词及名词短语），因此不用它们作为定位线索。备选项中也出现了细节信息词/短语own nests, food , activity , environment , predators，利用它们作为定位线索，在短文中第一段和第二段中 找到相关句：（第一段）Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators.The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. （第二段）Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain．定位线索词分散出现在两个段落中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第一段提到“Exeter大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为 ‘生态系统工程师’和食肉动物的活动对当地的环境影响很大。该研究发表在《动物生态学》杂志上，这项研究发现蚂蚁对当地的环境有着两个显著的影响”。第二段第一句中也出现了定位线索词，因此也关注这个句子。该句意为“第一，通过挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平”。结合这两个句子的意思可以得出这样的结论：蚂蚁挪动土壤筑巢或采集食物这类活动影响着土壤的营养水平，以至于最终它们对当地环境产生巨大的影响，因此蚂蚁被称为“生态系统工程师”。因此答案为C项“因为蚂蚁的活动对环境产生了影响”。
题干意为“作为食肉动物，蚂蚁……”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息 词/短语predators,small as well as large animals,nutritious food,soil,food,decomposers, species,food chain作为定位线索，在第三段中找到相关句：Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals（与small as well as large animals呼应）,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers．第三段是独立成段句，这样的段落常设置问题。该句提到“第二，它们捕食各种各样的动物，包括那些被大量工蚁吞吃的大猎物”。由此可知蚂蚁会捕食各种各样的动物，甚至包括体积比它们大的动物，因此答案为A项“捕食体积小的动物也捕食体积大的动物”。
题干意为“Dirk Sanders以蚂蚁怎样……为研究中心”。利用题干及备选项中的细节信息词/短语Dirk Sanders' study, huge numbers, resources and territory, other predators,invading animals,survival,big impact on the environment作为定位线索，在第四段和第五段中找到相关句：（第四段）Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers.They're also very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators.All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.” （第五段）“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups.They genuinely play a key role in the local environment（与big impact on the environment呼应）,having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said．定位线索词分散出现在第四段和第五段中，因此这两个段落都需要关注。第四段提到“Dirk Sanders是这项研究的发起人，就职于该大学的生态与保护中心，他说‘蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，而且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保护自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境有很大的影响’”。接下来第五段提到“在这项研究中，我们（回指前一段中提到的包括Dirk Sanders在内的研究者们）第一次对蚂蚁带来的这种影响及微妙程度进行研究”。该句表明Dirk Sanders 以蚂蚁带来的这种影响为研究中心。“这种影响”回指上一段中提到的蚂蚁对周围环境的影响，因此该题答案为D项“（蚂蚁怎样）对环境产生如此巨大的影响”。 -
第20题：
The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.A:effort
B:problem
C:influence
D:concern答案：C解析：本句意思：高铁对我们的生活有很大的影响。impact意为“影响”，与influence（影响）意 思相同。effort努力；problem问题；concern关心。 -
第21题：
The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.A:effort
B:problem
C:concern
D:influence答案：D解析：本句意思：高铁对我们的生活有很大的影响。impact意为“影响”，与influence（影响） 意思相同。effort努力；problem问题；concern关心。 -
第22题：
单选题Floods are a major problem in the city, but the government seems to be making______ to improve the situation.Alots of programs
Bfew trials
Clittle effort
Dmany measures
正确答案： B解析：
洪水是这个城市的主要问题，但是政府好像并没有花心思提出治理这种情况的策略。这是一个转折句，故判断后句应该是否定意义的，故排除A、D两项，little effort没有努力。few trial很少尝试。 -
第23题：
问答题Practice 6 Discussion—about 5 minutes In this part of the test you are given a discussion topic. You have 30 seconds to look at the prompt card, an example of which is below, and then about 3 minutes to discuss the topic with your partner. After that the examiner will ask you more questions related to the topic. Time Management Your company has found that ineffective time management is one of the major problem areas throughout the workforce. You have been asked to put forward some suggestions for improving the situation. Discuss, and decide together: ● Why poor time management can become a major problem in companies ● What procedures could be adopted to ensure that time is managed effectively.正确答案： 【参考范例】
A: Hi, as you know, these days our company is kind of out of control. Don’t you think so?
B: Yeah. Everything appears to be in chaos here in our company. And that clearly has resulted from poor time management.
A: You mean poor time management has led to all these problems. Why?
B: When a company does not have a well-planned time-schedule, they usually do not distribute blocks of time to specified tasks. They do not have a definite clue of when they should finish a certain task. And
A: And I think the ordering of priorities is often ignored. I mean the urgent tasks need completing first. But in our company every task is treated equally, even though it is a very urgent task.
B: That’s the point. So time should be scheduled based on the importance of the tasks we need to handle.
A: So what do you think we can do so as to manage time effectively here in our company?
B: You mean what methods we can adopt?
A: Sure. That’s what our boss is requiring us to do, right?
B: Right. I think we’ve got a lot to do. First, we should make all the staff members aware of the importance of effective time management to our company.
A: Yes, I think instruction in time management would be useful for them, especially those in supervisory positions.
B: Right, perhaps we can run a few training courses for them. If necessary, we may invite some professionals from outside to help us.
A: Another thing we need to do is to make all the managers, or even every employee, come up with their own job description. Only in this way, can they be pretty sure about what they are accountable for and what they are not.
B: Yes, that’s a good idea. And I think, the top managers of our company should make a set of rules with respect to what sort of jobs should be paid prior attention. In this way, we can confirm that important tasks are coped with first.
A: Good idea. So in conclusion, our company should run a few training courses, and every employee should write down their own job description.
B: And rules should be made as to what sort of job should be paid prior attention.解析： 暂无解析 -
第24题：
单选题Which of the following can serve as a title of this text?AHard Time for the Preschoolers and Parents.
BProsperity of Private Schools.
CThe Problem for Public Schools.
DAmericans’ No.1 Concern
正确答案： C解析：
主旨题。通读全文可知，本文主要论述的是美国由于学生多而学校少，学龄前儿童入学困难的问题。本文不但说明了现状、分析了原因，还给出了解决这一问题的建议。因此，本文主旨是“入学难困扰着学龄前儿童及其父母”。故A项为正确答案。B项意为“私立学校的繁荣”。C项意为“公立学校存在的问题”，均不正确。D项意为“美国人首要的关注点”所指太泛。