问答题The Environment in Perspective:Is Everything Getting Steadily Worse? Much of the discussion of environmental problems in the popular press leaves the reader with the impression that matters have been growing steadily worse, and that pollution is large
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第1题：
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When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.
[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
正确答案：C
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第2题：
The political situation is steadily () in that country. More and more people are getting involved in the dispute.A、decreasing
B、declining
C、breaking up
D、worsening
参考答案：D
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第3题：
In the author's opinion, __.
A. developing countries should be responsible for environmental problems
B. overpopulation in the world is created by the developed countries
C. rich countries exercise worse influence on environment than poor countries
D. all countries should bring the population growth under control
正确答案：C
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第4题：
-How about your trip to Hainan?
--It couldn't have been ______. Sometimes I went swimming in the sea; sometimes I lay on the sand.A. so well
B. as bad
C. better
D. worse答案：C解析： -
第5题：
The new large passenger jets have made the traffic problems at airports_______．A.more bad than it was
B.the worse than before
C.worse than ever before
D.more bad than they were答案：C解析：暂无解析 -
第6题：
The company's exports have been increasing steadily.A:continuously
B:quickly
C:excessively
D:exceptionally答案：A解析：本句意思：公司的出口量获得持续稳步增长。steadily意思是“稳定地，持续地”，与continuously（连续不断地）意思相近。quickly快速地；excessively过度地，过分地；exceptionally例外地，异常地，特殊地。 -
第7题：
单选题According to the writer, developed countries prefer ______.Aa standstill population
Ba fast increasing population
Ca slowly growing population
Da steadily decreasing population
正确答案： C解析：
答案在文章最后一句“the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population，rather than one which is stable or in decline”中，对照四个选项，显然选C。 -
第8题：
单选题We have done much to protect the environment. So the river is getting ______ than before.Adirtier
Bdirty
Ccleaner
Dclean
正确答案： B解析：
句意：为了保护环境，我们已经做了很多。因此，河流正变得比以前清澈。由提示词“than（比）”可知，此处应使用比较级。可排除B、D两项。又由句意可知，此处表达的是河水变干净了。因此C项正确。 -
第9题：
单选题Although recent years have seen（）reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing.Asubstantial
Bsubstance
Csubmit
Dsubjective
正确答案： C解析： 暂无解析 -
第10题：
问答题The Environment in Perspective:Is Everything Getting Steadily Worse? Much of the discussion of environmental problems in the popular press leaves the reader with the impression that matters have been growing steadily worse, and that pollution is largely a product of the profit system and modern industrialization. There are environmental problems today that are both enormous and pressing, but in fact pollution is nothing new. Medieval cities were pestholes—the streets and rivers were littered with garbage and the air stank of rotting wastes. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a German traveler reported that to get a view of London from the tower of St. Paul’s, one had to get there very early in the morning “before the air was full of coal smoke.” Since 1960 there has been progress in solving some pollution problems, much of it the result of concerted efforts to protect the environment. The quality of the air in most Canadian cities has improved. In Toronto, for example, the concentration of suspended particulates, or soot, in the air has fallen dramatically since 1962. To put this figure in perspective, it should be noted that the current health advisory level for the index is 32. At a level of 58, people with chronic respiratory diseases may be affected. At 100, even healthy people may be affected by prolonged conditions, and those with cardiac and respiratory diseases could suffer severe effects Recently in Toronto, the index has exceeded 32 on fewer than half a dozen days annually. Similar improvements have occurred elsewhere in Canada and in other industrialized countries. Even the famous, or rather infamous, “fogs” of London are almost a thing of the past. There have been two high readings of particular note in the British capital in 1959 (when the index rose to 275 and there was a 10 percent increase over the normal number of deaths) and in 1962 (when the index rose to 575 and there was a 20 percent increase in mortality). But more recently, London’s, cleaner air has resulted in an astounding 50 percent increase in the number of hours of winter sunshine. In short, pollution problems are not a uniquely modem phenomenon, nor is every part of the environment deteriorating relentlessly. Environmental problems do not occur exclusively in capitalist economies. For example, in the People’s Republic of China, coal soot from factory smokestacks in Beijing envelops the city in a thick black haze. Similarly, smoke from brown-coal furnaces pollutes the air almost everywhere in Eastern Europe. It has been estimated that a third of Poland’s citizens live in areas of “ecological disaster”. The citizens of Leipzig, a major industrial city in what was formerly East Germany, have a life expectancy a full six years shorter than the national average. However, we do not mean to suggest that all is well with the environment in market-oriented economies or that there is nothing more to do. While there have been some improvements, serious problems remain. Our world is now subject to a number of new pollutants, most of which are far more dangerous than those we have reduced, even though they may be less visible and less malodorous While environmental problems are neither new nor confined only to capitalist, industrialized economies, these facts are not legitimate grounds for complacency. The potential damage that we are inflicting on ourselves and on our surroundings is very real and very substantial.正确答案： 【参考译文】
环境透视我们的生存环境真的每况愈下么?
大众媒体对环境问题的诸多讨论,常常给读者留下这样一种印象:问题还在日益恶化,污染在很大程度上是利益驱动和现代工业化的产物。当今环境问题确实非常严重,但是污染问题并非始自今日。中世纪的城市就是疾病的温床——街道、河面上丢弃着垃圾,空气中散发着阵阵腐臭。18世纪初,曾有一名德国游客报道说,若想在圣保罗大教堂的塔楼上一览伦敦风光,就必须一大清早乘煤烟还没在空气里散漫开来时赶到那儿。
自1960年起,污染问题一直在改善。这是人们同心协力保护环境的结果。加拿大大部分城市的空气质量都得到了明显改善。比如多伦多,这座城市的空气悬浮粒和烟尘的密度自1962年后便大幅度降低。为了透过更清晰的视角去看待这一问题,需要先说明一点:目前,空气健康指数为32;该指数为58时,患有慢性呼吸道疾病的人易受感染;空气指数在100,时间一长,正常人也会受到感染,患有心脏病和呼吸道疾病的人则会严重发病。
近年来,多伦多一年中空气指数超过32的天数总计少于6天。加拿大其他地区,和其他工业化国家的环境状况也同样得到了改善。就连著名的,或曰“臭名昭著”的“雾都”伦敦也成了陈年旧事。这个英国首都城市曾有过两次超高指数记录:一次是1959年,当时空气质量指数超过275,死亡率比正常高出10%;另一次发生在1962年,指数直逼575,死亡人数猛增了20%。近年来,伦敦的空气清新了很多,冬季的日照时间惊人地延长了50%。简言之,空气污染并非现代社会独有的问题,而且也不是所有的环境问题都在恶性发展。
环境问题并不仅仅眷顾资本主义国家,中国也不例外。北京的烟囱排出的大量煤灰使整座城市笼罩在厚厚的黑雾之中。同样,在东欧,黑煤炉排出来的烟灰,到处污染着空气。据有关方面估计,三分之一波兰民众居住在“灾难性”的生态环境。东德工业重镇莱比锡居民的人均寿命比全国平均寿命整整短了六年。
然而,这并不意味着市场经济国家的环境没有问题,就无须进一步改善了。尽管环境的确在一定程度上得到了改善,但形势依然严峻。现在我们正受到许多新的污染物的侵害,其危险性远远超过我们治理过的污染物,尽管它们不易为肉眼察觉,气味也小得多。
尽管环境问题不是什么新问题,也不局限于资本主义工业化国家,但是我们没有理由心安理得,高枕无忧。我们还在对自身和周围环境造成潜在的损害,这一点是真真切切,确确实实的。解析： 暂无解析 -
第11题：
单选题Which of the following is the best version of the underlined portions of sentences 10 and 11 (reproduced below)?For instance, one candidate might want to eliminate environmental regulations so his industrial supporters can get richer. But you have asthma that is affected by the pollution or you'd rather not swim in a lake that has become polluted because of it.A(as it is now)
Bfor the financial benefit of his industrial supporters, but to the detriment of your asthma and your favorite swimming lake, which are harmed by pollution.
Cfor his industrial supporters' wealth, but you have asthma and your favorite swim- ming lake is getting worse because of pollution.
Dfor his industrial supporters' wealth, but not for your asthma and your favorite swimming lake is harmed by pollution.
Efor the financial benefit of his industrial supporters, but to the detriment of your asthma and your favorite swimming lake are harmed by pollution.
正确答案： C解析：
B项将句中思想合理地联系在一起，故选B。 -
第12题：
单选题The performance of the English team was _____. They played much worse than expected.Adisappoint
Bdisappointing
Cdisappointed
Dto disappoint
正确答案： D解析： -
第13题：
Had the damage been worse, the insurance company ____ more.A、pay
B、paid
C、had paid
D、would have paid
参考答案：D
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第14题：
第三组：
Ship recycling contributes to sustainable development and is the environmentally friendly way of disposing of ships with virtually every part of the hull, machinery, equipment, fittings and even furniture being re-used. However, while the principle of ship recycling is a sound one, the reported status of working practices and environmental standards in recycling facilities often leaves much to be desired. Such growing concerns about environmental safety, health and welfare matters in the ship recycling industry have resulted in a growing belief that an international instrument to regulate the ship recycling process is urgently needed.
Having become aware of the need to reduce the environmental, occupational health and safety risks related to ship recycling, as well as the need to secure the smooth withdrawal of ships that have reached the end of their operating lives, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has taken action to develop a realistic and effective solution to the problem of ship recycling, which will take into account the particular characteristics of international maritime transport and the economic realities.
Which statement of the following is true?
A.Ship recycling is sustainable
B.Ship recycling is very friendly to our environment
C.Ship recycling is the best way to dispose the machinery, equipment, fittings and even furniture on board
D.Ship recycling brings many problems concerning environmental safety, health and______occupational safety
正确答案：D
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第15题：
Steadily rising prices press most heavily（ ）the poor and the old people with fixed incomes.
on答案：解析：press on（upon）“使负重担，压迫”。句意：不断上涨的价格使穷人和收入固定的老人不胜负荷。press的其他搭配：press up用力使升高；press for迫切要求，催促；press down压（揿上）。 -
第16题：
The relations between my mother and brother were getting worse as my brother grew older and more( )A.realistic
B.racial
C.recycled
D.rebellious答案：D解析：随着哥哥年纪渐长也更叛逆，他与母亲的关系变得更糟。 -
第17题：
California wildfires are being magnified and made so much worse by the bad environmental laws which aren’t allowing massive amounts of readily available water to be properly______。A.utilized
B.changed
C.avoided
D.converted答案：A解析：本题考查词义辨析。题目意为“加利福尼亚州的野火因不允许大量现成的水得到适当利用的恶劣环境法而被加剧，变得更加严重。”A选项“使用，运用”，B选项“改变，变化”，C选项“避免，回避”，D选项“转变，改变”。根据句意，应该是由于环境法的规定，现成的水没有得到利用，因此野火烧的更加严重，应该选择表示使用的意思，选项A正确。
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第18题：
The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities __________ rising steadily in the past ten years.A.was
B.were
C.has been
D.have been答案：C解析：根据“in the past lo years”确定此处为完成时；“tile number of…”作主语时谓语动词用单数，故选C。 -
第19题：
问答题Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.The City of the Future What will city life be like in the future? Some people think that life in the cities is going to be horrible. They predict that cities will become more and more crowded. As the number of people increases, there will be less space for each person. This overcrowding will cause other problems—more crime, dirtier streets, and worse problems with traffic than we have now. How will people find enough drinking water, energy (such as gas and electricity), and housing? Because life will be hard, people who live in cities will worry more, and they may become sick. For these reasons, some say that nobody will want to live in urban areas. How can we solve such problems as overcrowding, crime, and traffic? In some cities, thousands of people are already sleeping in the streets because there is so little suitable housing—and because rents are so high. The crime rate isn’t going down. Instead, it is increasing so fast that many people are afraid to go out at night. Traffic is also getting worse. More and more often, traffic jams are so bad that cars don’t move at all for several blocks. These urban problems have been getting worse, not better, so many people see no hope for the future of the city. Los Angeles, California, for instance, has no subway system and the buses are slow. Instead, most commuters drive many miles from their homes to work. Many of these drivers spend several hours each day on busy freeways. New York, by contrast, has a mass transit system—buses, commuter trains, and subways. Because the public transportation is crowded and dirty, however, many people drive private cars, and the traffic jams are worse than in Los Angeles. On the other hand, some cities have clean, fast, and pleasant public transportation systems. In Paris, France, and Toronto, Canada, for example, anyone can use mass transit to move quickly from one part of the city to another. The disadvantages of any modern city are not unique to that city—that is, cities all over the world have to solve the problems of traffic jams, crime, housing, energy, drinking water, and overcrowding. Yet many cities have found answers to one or more of these difficulties. Some European cities, such as Stockholm, Sweden, or London, England, have planned communities that provide people with apartments, jobs, shopping centers, green space, entertainment, and transportation. Many U.S. cities are rebuilding their downtown areas. Urban planners can learn from one another. They can try solutions that have been successful in other parts of the world. Summary: Some people think that life in the cities is going to be horrible. They say that cities will become more and more crowded and many other problems will be caused by this 1 Due to the hard life, people do not want to live in 2 These urban problems such as overcrowding, crime and traffic have been getting worse, so many people 3 for the future of the city. However, these disadvantages of any modern city are not unique to that city. All the cities all over the world must solve the problems and fortunately, many of them have found answers to one or more of these difficulties. For example, 4 or London has planned communities providing people with apartments, jobs and so on. Besides, many U. S. cities 5 In a word, solutions that have been successful in a place should be adopted and tried in another place.正确答案：
1.overcrowding 文章第一段第五句提到“This overcrowding will cause other problems - more crime, dirtier streets, and worse problems with traffic than we have now”,题目为原文的被动语态表述,因此答案为overcrowding。
2.urban areas 文章第一段最后两句提到“Because life will be hard, people who live in cities will worry more, and they may become sick. For these reasons, some say that nobody will want to live in urban areas”,即,由于生活的艰辛,没有人愿意生活在市内。
3.see no hope 文章第二段最后一句提到“These urban problems have been getting worse, not better, so many people see no hope for the future of the city”,因此答案为see no hope。
4.Stockholm 文章最后一段第三句提到“Some European cities, such as Stockholm, Sweden, or London, England, have planned communities that provide people with apartments, jobs, shopping centers, green space, entertainment, and transportation”,句中Stockholm与London并列,因此答案为Stockholm。
5.rebuild downtown areas 文章最后一段中作者举例说明很多城市已经找到了解决城市存在的问题的方法,美国城市即所举例子之一。倒数第三句提到:“Many U. S. cities are rebuilding their downtown areas”,同时考虑到答案不能超过三个词,可知答案为rebuild downtown areas。解析： 暂无解析 -
第20题：
单选题The number of such vehicles（）steadily increasing.Ahave been
Bhad been
Chaving been
Dhas been
正确答案： A解析： 暂无解析 -
第21题：
问答题Advances in technology and science have solved many problems. However，they have also created new problems，among which pollution has attracted much attention of the public. Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic，discussion the problems caused by pollution.ON POLLUTIONIn the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.正确答案：
ON POLLUTION Nowadays we have many conveniences in our society, which have been brought through technology and science. However, these same advancements in technology and science have caused some very dangerous problems. These problems will not go away easily because people do not want to give up the conveniences of a modem lifestyle. The most critical problems that should be dealt with immediately are those of pollution.
Pollution caused by chemicals is a very serious problem because it causes the loss of the ozone layer. Without our ozone, not only we ourselves but also plant and animal life are exposed to dangerous rays from the sun. Aerosol cans emit chemicals that break down our ozone layer. Refrigeration and air-conditioning systems and ears also have dangerous emissions. A very serious threat to the planet—the warming of the earth's atmosphere—is primarily caused by carbon dioxide emissions. Many scientists think that the warming could be sufficient to melt the polar ice caps, thus raising the sea levels. This would mean that many parts of the world would be submerged below sea level.
There are other problems caused by pollution. Factories that make our modem conveniences emit poisonous gases onto the air we breathe. The chemicals we use for cleaning and wastes from factories go into our water systems and pollute the water we drink and the fish we eat. They also kill much of the wildlife we depend on for food. Some of the pesticides we have sprayed on our crops have been found to be dangerous. This kind of pollution may stay in the ground for a very long period of time.
Last but not the least, nuclear pollution will lead directly to nuclear damage. The explosions at Three Mile Island in the United States in 1979 and at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union in 1986 provided lessons to the global nuclear industry. The exposure to very high radiation levels released by nuclear plants within a short period of time may harm the environment many years, and usually will cause fatal injuries to human health.
In conclusion, the problems created by pollution are growing daily. Because people do not want to change their lifestyles, we must invent a way to neutralize the pollutants we are putting into our environment. People need to be educated so that will stop damaging the planet. Furthermore, government must take action to prevent individuals and companies from harming their environment.解析：
本文讨论了人们一直关心的话题——污染问题。作者首先指出：随着科技 的发展，出现了许多问题，而污染问题则是最严峻的问题。然后作者用三段就污染问题进行了论述：臭氧层被破坏使全球气候变暖、空气与水污染严重以及核污染。在最后一段作者指出，为了避免环境污染进一步恶化，个人与政府都应采取相应措施。 -
第22题：
单选题I thought things would get better, but（）it is they are getting worse.Aas
Blike
Cfor
Dsince
正确答案： B解析： 暂无解析 -
第23题：
单选题—The air pollution is terrible.—It will be worse ______we take action to protect the environment.Aif
Bunless
Cuntil
Dwhen
正确答案： C解析：
句意：—空气污染很严重。—这将会更严重，除非我们采取行动来保护环境。本题考查连词的用法。根据上下文句意可知此处应填入B项unless“除非”。if如果。until直到。when当……时候。 -
第24题：
单选题Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles（）.Ahave been steadily increasing
Bhas been steadily increased
Chas been steadily increasing
Dhave been steadily increased
正确答案： A解析： 暂无解析