问答题The movement to establish women’s issues as important subjects of study have had a profound impact on the　　　　　　　　　　　A　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B　　　　　　　Ccurricula offered in colleges today. No error　　　　　　　　　　D　　　　　　　　　 E

Three days later, the IOC announced that Johnson’s test had been positive and he had disgraced the sports movement.

Passage 2The History of Women’s Suffrage　　A  In the early nineteenth century, women were considered second-class citizens whose existence was limited to the interior life of the home and care of the children. Women were considered subsets of their husbands, and after marriage they did not have the right to own property, maintain their wages, or sign a contract, much less vote. It was expected that women be obedient wives, never to hold a thought or opinion independent of their husbands. It was considered improper for women to travel alone or to speak in public. With the belief that intense physical or intellectual activity would be injurious to the delicate female biology and reproductive system, women were taught to refrain from pursuing any serious education. Silently perched in their birdcages, women were considered merely objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically inferior to men. This belief in women’s inferiority to men was further reinforced by organized religion which preached strict and well-defined sex roles.　　B The Seneca Falls Convention　　The women’s suffrage movement was formally set into motion in 1848 with the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York.　　The catalyst for this gathering was the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in 1840 in London and attended by an American delegation which included a number of women. In attendance were Lucretia Mort and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who were forced to sit in the galleries as observers because they were women. This poor treatment did not rest well with these women of progressive thoughts, and it was decided that they would hold their own convention to “discuss the social, civil and religious rights of women”.　　Using The Declaration of Independence as a guideline, Stanton presented her Declaration of Principles in her hometown chapel and brought to light women’s subordinate status and made recommendations for change.　　Resolution 9 requesting the right to vote was perhaps the most important in that it expressed the demand for sexual equality. Subsequent to the Seneca Falls Convention, the demand for the vote became the centerpiece of the women’s rights movement.　　C  Suffrage During the Civil War　　During the Civil War, women’s suffrage was eclipsed by the war effort and movement for the abolition of slavery. While annual conventions were held on a regular basis, there was much discussion but little action. Activists such as slave-born Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony lectured and petitioned the government for the emancipation of slaves with the belief that, once the war was over, women and slaves alike would be granted the same rights as the white men. At the end of the war, however, the government saw the suffrage of women and that of the negro as two separate issues and it was decided that the negro vote could produce the immediate political gain, particularly in the South, that the women’s vote could not.　　Abraham Lincoln declared, “This hour belongs to the negro.”　　D  Women Unite　　With the side-stepping of women’s rights, women activists became enraged, and the American Equal Rights Association was established by Stanton and her colleagues in 1866 in effort to organize in the fight for women’s rights. In 1868, the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment proved an affront to the women’s movement, as it defined “citizenship” and “voters” as “male”, and raised the question as to whether women were considered citizens of the United States at all. The exclusion of women was further reinforced with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, which enfranchised black men. In a disagreement over these Amendments, the women’s movement split into two factions. In New York, Stanton and Anthony established the radical National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell organized the more conservative American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in Boston. These two groups later merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.　　E  Winning the Vote　　Susan B. Anthony was arrested for attempting to vote for Ulysses S. Grant in the 1872 presidential election. Six years later, in 1878, a Women’s Suffrage Amendment was introduced to U.S. Congress. With the formation of numerous groups, such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and, the Women’s Trade Union League, the women’s movement gained a full head of steam during the 1890’s and early 1900’s. The U.S. involvement in World War I in 1918 slowed down the suffrage campaign as women pitched in for the war effort. However, in 1919, after years of petitioning, picketing, and protest parades, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed by both houses of Congress and in 1920 it became ratified under the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.　　F Amendment xix　　1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.　　2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. (Ratified August 26, 1920)　　G  Equal Rights Amendment　　Upon this victory of the vote, the NAWSA disbanded as an organization, giving birth to the League of Women Voters. The vote was not enough to secure women’s equal rights according to Alice Paul, founder of the National Woman’s Party (NWP), who moved to take women’s rights one step further by proposing the Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.) to Congress in 1923. This demand to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender failed to pass.　　The push for the E.R.A. continued on a state-by-state basis, until the newly formed National Organization for Women (NOW) launched a national campaign during the 1960’s.  Despite many heated debates and protests, the E.R.A., while passed by Congress in 1972, has never been ratified.　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?　　In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write　　TRUE　　　　　　　if the statement agrees with the information　　FALSE　　　　　　 if the statement contradicts the information　　NOT GIVEN　　　　 if there is no information on this　　1. In the early nineteenth century it was generally believed that men and women performed different roles in society.　　2. The World Anti-Slavery Convention preceded the first Women’s Right Convention.　　3. During the American Civil War, the Women’s suffrage movement flourished.　　4. Men were not allowed to join the National Woman Suffrage Association.　　5. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was less radical than the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).　　6. Abraham Lincoln was not sympathetic to the women’s movement.

Passage 2　　Many scientists have wondered whether there is some quirk in the way depression is inherited, such as a depressed parent or grandparent is more likely to pass on a predisposition for the disorder to female than to male descendants. Based on studies that trace family histories of depression, the answer to that question appears to be no. (1)______　　Simply tracing family histories, though, without considering environmental influences, might not offer a complete picture of how depression is inherited.　　Indeed, Kenneth S. Kendler and his colleagues at the Medical College of Virginia found in a study of 2060 female twins that genetics might contribute to how women respond to environmental pressures. The researchers examined twins with and without a family history of depression; some twins in both groups had recently undergone a trauma, such as the death of a loved one or a divorce. The investigators found that among the women who did not have a family history of depression, stressful events raised their risk for depression by only 6 percent. (2)______.　　A similar study has not been done in men, leaving open the question of whether environmental stress and genetic risk for depression interact similarly in both sexes. But research is being done, to determine whether men and women generally experience similar amounts and types of stress. Studies of key hormones hint that they do not. Hormones are not new to depression researchers. Many have wondered whether the gonadal steroids estrogen and progesterone--whose cyclic fluctuations in women regulate menstruation--might put women at a greater risk for depression. There are at least two ways in which they might do so.　　First, because of differences between theX and Y chromosomes, male and female brains are exposed to different hormonal milieus. (3)______.　　Indeed, animal experiments show that early hormonal influences have marked behavioral consequences later on, although the phenomenon is of course difficult to study in humans.　　Second, the fact that postpuberal men and women have different levels of circulating gonad steroids might somehow pull women at higher risk for depression. Research shows girls become more susceptible to depression than boys only after puberty, when they begin menstruating and experience hormonal fluxes. (4)______.　　For example, Peter J. Schmidt and David R. Rubinow of the National Institute of Mental Health recently reported that manipulations of estrogen and progesterone did not affect mood, except in women who suffer from severe premenstrual mood changes.　　It now appears, however, that estrogen might set the stage for depression indirectly by priming the body's stress response. During stressful times, the adrenal glands--which sit on top of the kidneys and are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain--secrete higher levels of a hormone called cortical, which increases the activity of the body's metabolic and immune systems, among others: (5)______.　　Evidence is emerging that estrogen might not only increase cortical secretion but also decrease mortise’s ability to shut down its own secretion. The result might be a stress response that is not only more pronounced but also longer-lasting in women than in men.[A] But the same risk rose almost 14 percent among the women who did have a family history of depression. In other words, these women had seemingly inherited the propensity to become depressed in the wake of crises.[B] To figure out why depression is more common among women, scientists have to study how genetics and environment divide the sexes and how the two conspire to produce the symptoms we describe as depression.[C] In the normal course of events, stress increases cortical secretion, but these elevated levels have a negative feedback effect on the pituitary, so that cortical levels gradually return to normal;[D] Despite their importance, estrogen and cortical are not the only hormones involved in female depression, medium stress is not the only environmental influence that might hold more sway over women than men.[E] These hormonal differences may affect brain development so that men and women have different vulnerabilities and different physiological reactions to environmental stresses later in life.[F] Even so, scientists have never been able to establish a direct relation between emotional states and levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood of women.[G] Women and men with similar heritage seem equally likely to develop disorder.

The gyrocompass error resulting from your vessel’s movement in OTHER than an east-west direction is called（）.