单选题We may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him because _____.A we don’t accept the idea that we might never fully know another personB we often get information in a casual and inexact wayC we pay more attention to other pe

The process of perceiving others is rarely translated(to ourselves or others) into cold,objective terms．"She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt．" More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations,abilities, ideas, and characters． Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly--perhaps with a two-second glance．
We try to obtain information about others in many ways． Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for,deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about himor her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person--question, self-disclosures, and so on．
Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly
changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise． You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him． If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions． It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior． Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e． g． secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e． g． disclosures and truthful statement)．
?We may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him because__________．

A.we don't accept the idea that we might never fully know another person
B.we often get information in a casual and inexact way
C.we pay more attention to other people's motivations and emotions
D.we often have face-to-face conversation with him

The process of perceiving others is rarely translated(to ourselves or others) into cold,objective terms．"She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt．" More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations,abilities, ideas, and characters． Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly--perhaps with a two-second glance．
We try to obtain information about others in many ways． Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for,deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about himor her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person--question, self-disclosures, and so on．
Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly
changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise． You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him． If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions． It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior． Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e． g． secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e． g． disclosures and truthful statement)．
Some people are often surprised by what other people do． According to Berger, that is mainly because__________．

A.some people are more emotional than others
B.some people are not aware of the fact that we will never completely know another person
C.some people are sensitive enough to sense the change of other people's attitudes
D.some people choose to keep to themselves

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism．
Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around． "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year． It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making． Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pays ．．．"
The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products． It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap． But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods． Another equally important function is to inform． A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read．
Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about． Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc, from an advertisement．
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted． It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days． And what fun they often are,too!Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements． Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway by-laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper?A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities． We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our
pockets． Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue． The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers． Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price !
Another thing we mustn't forget is the"small ads．" which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine． What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community!Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns． For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the"hatch, match and dispatch" column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or"agony" column． No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature． It's the best advertisement for advertising there is!
Which of the following is NOT true?

A.Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything．
B.We can buy what we want．
C.Good quality products don't need to be advertised．
D.Advertisement makes our life colorful．

共用题干
Step Back in Time
Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us?One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45.But now,she can live until at least 80.
One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better.We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need.We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again.And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily.
But in order that we don't slip back into bad habits,let's have a look at what life was 100 years ago
Families had between 15 and 20 children,although many babies didn't live long.from lots of diseases , especially rickets (佝偻病）and scurvy（坏血病）,which are bot diets.This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well.
Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up,bending over a piece of string,because there was no room for them to lie down.
People didn't have fridges until the 1920s.They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills（窗台板）,blocks of ice,or even burying it in the garden.
Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their pai lived 100 years ago,you might well be selling matchsticks（火柴杆）(a job done by many children）or working with your dad by now.

On average women lived longer than men 100 years ago.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hardwired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly,within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors.To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five.It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality,like neuroticism or openmindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm.Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster,even though reading has little to do with eating.We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing.Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences.If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face（one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling）,we can take a moment before buying.If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly“thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in“thick sliced”longterm study.When Dr.Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together,he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation;two days,not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals:doges can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.Although technology might change the way we react,it hasn't changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend.
John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on_____

A.critical assessment
B.“thin sliced”study
C.sensible explanation
D.adequate information

共用题干
第三篇
How We Form First Impression
We all have first impression of someone、just met.But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits?
The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be~of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,Even very minor difference in how a person'5 eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming signals are compared against a host of "memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex(皮质）system to determine what these new signals"mean".
If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new it says,"new and potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other"known"memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don ' t like this person ".Or else , " I'm intrigued（好奇的）".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest
values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks（骗子）,peeks（反常的人）,or freaks（怪人）.
However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane。

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
A:One's physical appearance can influence our first impression.
B:Our first impression is influenced by the sensitivity of our brain.
C:Stereotypical impressions can be dead wrong.
D:We should adopt mature thinking when getting to know people.

共用题干
Some Things We Know About Language
Many things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.
First , we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race（种族）of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language. Second,there is no such thing as a primitive（原始的）language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are,or were, hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is,each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly.Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

According to the third paragraph,the author thinks that______.
A:there exist some primitive languages in the world
B:there are many people who don't have a language
C:no languages in the world haven't been well developed
D:there are some languages we know having little complexities

共用题干
How We Form First Impression
1 We all have first impression of someone we just met.But why?Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,even very minor difference in how a person's eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming"signals"are compared against a host of"memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals"mean".
3 if you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don't like this person".Or else, "I'm intrigued".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other Friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
4 When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest,values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.
5 However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane.

We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to______.
A:a stranger's less mature type of thinking
B:the most complex areas of our cortex
C:the immature form of,thinking of a very young child
D:the meaning of incoming sensory information
E:the sights and sounds of the world
F:an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

共用题干
How We Form First Impression
1 We all have first impression of someone we just met.But why?Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,even very minor difference in how a person's eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming"signals"are compared against a host of"memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals"mean".
3 if you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don't like this person".Or else, "I'm intrigued".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other Friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
4 When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest,values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.
5 However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane.

The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking,which is similar to______.
A:a stranger's less mature type of thinking
B:the most complex areas of our cortex
C:the immature form of,thinking of a very young child
D:the meaning of incoming sensory information
E:the sights and sounds of the world
F:an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

共用题干
Some Things We Know About Language
Many things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.
First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.
Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.
Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.
Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are______.
A: just as old as some well-known languages
B: just as sophisticated as some well-known languages
C: more developed than some well-known languages
D: more complex than some well-known languages

The process of perceiving others is rarely translated(to ourselves or others) into cold,objective terms．"She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt．" More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations,abilities, ideas, and characters． Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly--perhaps with a two-second glance．
We try to obtain information about others in many ways． Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for,deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about himor her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person--question, self-disclosures, and so on．
Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly
changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise． You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him． If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions． It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior． Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e． g． secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e． g． disclosures and truthful statement)．
According to the passage, if we perceive a person, we are likely to be interested in__________．

A.what he wears
B.how tall he is
C.how happy he is
D.what color he dyes his hair

The process of perceiving others is rarely translated(to ourselves or others) into cold,objective terms．"She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt．" More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations,abilities, ideas, and characters． Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly--perhaps with a two-second glance．
We try to obtain information about others in many ways． Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for,deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about himor her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person--question, self-disclosures, and so on．
Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly
changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise． You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him． If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions． It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior． Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e． g． secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e． g． disclosures and truthful statement)．
There are things that we find preventing us from knowing others． These things are__________．

A.disclosures
B.deceptions
C.stimuli
D.interactions

共用题干
Step Back in Time
Do you know that we live a lot longer now than the people who were born before us?One hundred years ago the average woman lived to be 45.But now,she can live until at least 80.
One of the main reasons for people living longer is that we know how to look after ourselves better.We know which foods are good for us and what we have to eat to make sure our bodies get all the healthy things they need.We know why we sometimes get ill and what to do to get better again.And we know how important it is to do lots of exercise to keep our hearts beating healthily.
But in order that we don't slip back into bad habits,let's have a look at what life was 100 years ago
Families had between 15 and 20 children,although many babies didn't live long.from lots of diseases , especially rickets (佝偻病）and scurvy（坏血病）,which are bot diets.This is because many families were very poor and not able to feed their children well.
Really poor families who lived in crowded cities like London and Manchester often slept standing up,bending over a piece of string,because there was no room for them to lie down.
People didn't have fridges until the 1920s.They kept fresh food cold by storing it on windowsills（窗台板）,blocks of ice,or even burying it in the garden.
Some children had to start work at the age of seven or eight to earn money for their pai lived 100 years ago,you might well be selling matchsticks（火柴杆）(a job done by many children）or working with your dad by now.

People in the past preferred standing up to lying down when sleeping.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

Think about driving a route that’s very familiar.It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand.On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery.The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has. This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route. The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention.When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it.So we assume it was shorter.

Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hardwired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hardwired to react very quickly,within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors.To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five.It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality,like neuroticism or openmindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm.Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fastfood logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster,even though reading has little to do with eating.We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing.Subjects exposed to fastfood flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences.If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face（one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling）,we can take a moment before buying.If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly“thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in“thick sliced”longterm study.When Dr.Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together,he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation;two days,not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hardwired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals:doges can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.Although technology might change the way we react,it hasn't changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the highspeed trend.
The time needed in making decisions may_____

A.vary according to the urgency of the situation
B.prove the complexity of our brain reaction
C.depend on the importance of the assessment
D.predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

共用题干
第三篇
How We Form First Impression
We all have first impression of someone、just met.But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits?
The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be~of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,Even very minor difference in how a person'5 eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming signals are compared against a host of "memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex(皮质）system to determine what these new signals"mean".
If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new it says,"new and potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other"known"memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don ' t like this person ".Or else , " I'm intrigued（好奇的）".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest
values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks（骗子）,peeks（反常的人）,or freaks（怪人）.
However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane。

Our thinking is not mature enough when we stereotype people because_________.
A:we neglect their depth and breadth
B:they are not all jocks,peeks,or freaks
C:our thinking is similar to that of a very young child
D:our judgment is always wrong

共用题干
Some Things We Know About Language
Many things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.
First , we know that all human beings have a language of some sort.There is no race（种族）of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another.Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language. Second,there is no such thing as a primitive（原始的）language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive.In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense.There are,or were, hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate.That is,each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical features change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly.Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

The author argues that we do know some things about language in______aspects.
A:three
B:four
C:five
D:six

共用题干
How We Form First Impression
1 We all have first impression of someone we just met.But why?Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,even very minor difference in how a person's eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming"signals"are compared against a host of"memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals"mean".
3 if you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new,it says,"new-potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don't like this person".Or else, "I'm intrigued".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other Friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
4 When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest,values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks,geeks,or freaks.
5 However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane.

Sensory information is one that is perceived through______.
A:a stranger's less mature type of thinking
B:the most complex areas of our cortex
C:the immature form of,thinking of a very young child
D:the meaning of incoming sensory information
E:the sights and sounds of the world
F:an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

共用题干
Some Things We Know About Language
Many things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.
First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.
Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.
Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.
Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

According to the author,language changes are most likely to occur in______.
A: grammar
B: pronunciation
C: vocabulary
D: intonation

共用题干
Some Things We Know About Language
Many things about language are a mystery,and many will always remain so.But some things we do know.
First,we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language,no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore,in historical times,there has never been a race of men without a language.
Second,there is no such thing as a primitive language.There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped,who are,as we say,uncivilized,but the languages they speak are not primitive .In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.
This has not always been well understood;indeed,the direct contrary has often been stated.
Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate.Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises.Study has proved this to be nonsense .There are,or were,hundreds of American Indian languages,and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old.They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with,but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.
A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.
Finally,we know that language changes.It is natural and normal for language to change;the only languages which do not change are the dead ones.This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.Change goes on in all aspects of language.Grammatical teatures change as do speech sounds,and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rap-idly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.

According to the author,people of undeveloped cultures can have______languages.
A: complicated
B: uncivilized
C: primitive
D: well-known